Climatic Factors Of The Formation Of The Ravine-Beam System Of The Lower Volga Region

The Lower Volga regional natural complex has a heterogeneity of the relief, which, combined with the climate feature, leads to the degradation of soil covers. Disturbed soil cover with loose rocks is a fast mechanism for the formation of a gully-beam system. Natural natural conditions combined with human activity have led to catastrophic consequences of the withdrawal of land from land use. To prevent the development of these forms, it is necessary to conduct a study of each formation with tracking in a time period.

Soil Fabric and Transitional Behavior in Completely Decomposed Granite: An Example of Well-Graded Soil

Unlike sedimentary soils, limited studies have dealt with completely decomposed granite (CDG) soils, even though they are plentiful and used extensively in several engineering applications. In this paper, a set of triaxial compression tests have been conducted on well-graded intact and disturbed CDG soils to study the impact of the fabric on soil behavior. The soil behavior was robustly affected by the soil fabric and its mineral composition. The intact soil showed multiple parallel compression lines, while a unique isotropic compression line was present in the case of disturbed soil. Both the intact and disturbed soils showed unique critical state lines (CSL) in both the e-log p′ and q-p′ spaces. The intact soil showed behavior unlike other transitional soils that have both distinct isotropic compression lines ICLs and CSLs. The gradient of the unique ICL of the disturbed soil was much more than that of the parallel compression lines of the intact soil. In the intact soil, the slope of the unique CSL (M) in the q-p′ space was higher than that of the disturbed soil. The isotropic response was present for both the intact and disturbed soils after erasing the inherited anisotropy as the stress increased with irrecoverable volumetric change. Soil fabric is considered the dominant factor in the transitional behavior and such a mode of soil behavior is no longer restricted to gap-graded soil as previously thought.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRICAL STRUCTURES ON THE SOIL DISTURBANCES AND WORKING RESISTANCES OF VERY NARROW TINES APPLIED ON NATURAL GRASSLAND

Novel tillage tools with high working performance are desired in improving degraded natural grassland tillage system. This paper aimed to find the influence of various geometry structures of very narrow tines on related soil disturbance characteristics and tillage resistances. Four shank-type tillage tines with different cutting head shapes, and the test bench were designed and manufactured. Field experiments under different working depths were conducted. The working depth uniformity, soil over-turning rate, cross-section area of disturbed soil layer, and related forces were obtained, analysed, and compared. Results showed that, the working depth uniformities were above 70%, and soil overturning rates did not exceed 5%. Furrows with V-shaped cross-section were formed. The tine with an arc-shaped cutting edge (AT) obtained a lower draft force value, and the tine with chamfer structure (TTD) presented big differences on the draft force and soil disturbance compared to the tine with blunt cutting edge (TT). Both the draft force and the area of disturbed soil cross section had a good linear relationship with the working depth, and the specific draft force increased with the working depth increasing. Using a very narrow tine with chamfers to split and break the soil layer on the natural grassland without pulling or dragging the roots could be an appropriate tillage method applied for improving degraded natural grassland, but still need further surveys.

Ecological and agrochemical assessment of the state of technogenically disturbed soil cover of the steppe zone of the Volga region

The anthropogenic impact on the biosphere every year leads to the depletion of all natural resources, including soil, which leads humanity to an ecological catastrophe. We have carried out work on the assessment of recultivation of the soil disturbed during the technical re-equipment works. It was revealed that in the soil areas located in the corridor of the passage of communications, due to the constant work on the repair, dismantling and construction of the routes of the corridor of their passage, the natural soil cover is not preserved, and in some places completely disappears, as well as there is mixing of soil layers and destruction of the natural soil cover. Keywords: URBANIZATION, TECHNOGENICALLY DISTURBED SOILS, MEADOW-CHERNOZEM SOILS, SOIL FERTILITY

Microbiological Nitrogen Transformations in Soil Treated with Pesticides and Their Impact on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Research was conducted in connection with the pressure exerted by man on the environment through the use of pesticides. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of pesticides on soil and to evaluate the effect of these changes on greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The research was carried out on soil sown with oilseed rape. The activity of protease and urease, ammonification, nitrification in soil, as well as CO2 (carbon dioxide) and N2O (nitrous oxide) gas emissions from soil were assessed. The analyses were carried out directly after harvest and 2 months after. Pesticides most frequently negatively affected the tested parameters, in particular enzymatic activities. Of the two herbicides used, Roundup had a stronger negative impact on microbial activity. The application of pesticides, especially the fungicide, resulted in an increase in gas emissions to the atmosphere over time. Pesticides disturbed soil environmental balance, probably interfering with qualitative and quantitative relationships of soil microorganism populations and their metabolic processes. This led to the accumulation of microbial activity products in the form of, among others, gases which contribute to the greenhouse effect by escaping from the soil into the atmosphere.

Unearthing Shifts in Microbial Communities Across a Soil Disturbance Gradient

Permafrost, an important source of soil disturbance, is particularly vulnerable to climate change in Alaska where 85% of the land is underlain with discontinuous permafrost. Boreal forests, home to plants integral to subsistence diets of many Alaska Native communities, are not immune to the effects of climate change. Soil disturbance events such as permafrost thaw, wildfires, and land use change can influence abiotic conditions which can then affect active layer soil microbial communities. Previously, we found negative effects on boreal plants inoculated with microbes impacted by soil disturbance compared to plants inoculated with microbes from undisturbed soils. Here, we identify the key shifts in microbial inoculant communities altered by soil disturbance using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing as well as changes in potential functional mechanisms that influence plant growth using long read metagenomics. Across our soil disturbance gradient, microbial communities differ significantly based on the level of soil disturbance. Consistent with previous results, the family Acidobacteriaceae, which consists of known plant promoters, was abundant in undisturbed soil, but practically absent in most disturbed soil. In contrast, Comamonadaceae, a family with known agricultural pathogens, was overrepresented in most disturbed soil communities compared to undisturbed. Within our metagenomic data, we found that soil disturbance level drives differences in microbial community function. These results indicate that a decrease in plant growth can be linked to changes in the community and functional composition driven by soil disturbance and climate change. Together these results build a genomic understanding of how shifting soil microbiomes may affect plant productivity and ecosystem health as the Arctic warms.

Test study on thickness of soil layer at top of plate affecting uplift failure of the NT-CEPP

This paper studies the influence of the thickness of the soil layer on the head of the plate on the carrying capacity of the new type concrete plates-expanded pile (NT-CEPP) under vertical tension, and innovatively uses the half-section pile test method to measure undisturbed soil and ANSYS is used for comparative analysis. Due to the small-scale test based on the half-section pile and disturbed soil, not only can the overall invalidation mechanism of the soil around the pile be seen more clearly, but the undisturbed soil can also be used to better ensure the stability of the soil. At the same time, in the test, depending on the real station under construction, the authenticity and economy of the test should be ensured. The results of test reveal that the invalidation behaviour of the on the top of plate of the NT-CEPP has little effect on the adjacent soil layer when the soil thickness of embedded slab is more than 3 times the length of the cantilever of the slab, and the characteristics of adjacent soil-layer had no influence on the carrying capacity of the plate.

Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik dalam Produksi Pupuk Bokashi di Gabungan Kelompok Tani Rinjani Kecamatan Singaran Pati Kota Bengkulu

The Use of Organic Waste in Bokashi Fertilizer Production at Farmers' Group Association of Rinjani in Singaran Pati District, Bengkulu City The continuous use of inorganic fertilizers by farmers results in disturbed soil fertility and nutrient deficiencies. So far, farmers' group association of Rinjani has also used inorganic fertilizers, which are quite expensive. Therefore, the purpose of this community service was to educate farmers on the farmers' group association of Rinjani on how to utilize organic waste from the surrounding environment to be processed into bokashi fertilizer. The ingredients used were leftover vegetables, fruits and dried leave. The Effective Microorganism 4 (EM4) was used as decomposer to speed up the composting process. The process of making bokashi fertilizer from vegetable and fruit waste was running smoothly. The bokashi obtained was very good. This was indicated by the characteristic of blackish brown color, crumb texture and has an odor like the smell of earth in general.