Genetic effect on free amino acid contents of egg yolk and albumen using five different chicken genotypes under floor rearing system

Chicken eggs play an important role as food resources in the world. Although genetic effects on yolk and albumen contents have been reported, the number of chicken genotypes analyzed so far is still limited. To investigate the effect of genetic background on 10 egg traits, 19 yolk amino acid traits, and 19 albumen amino acid traits, we evaluated a total of 58 eggs from five genotypes: two Japanese indigenous breeds (Ukokkei and Nagoya) and three hybrids (Araucana cross, Kurohisui, and Boris Brown) under a floor rearing system. One-way ANOVA revealed significant effects of genotype on 10 egg traits, 8 yolk amino acids (Asp, Glu, Ser, Gly, Thr, Tyr, Cys, and Leu), and 11 albumen amino acids (Asp, Glu, Asn, Ser, Gln, His, Ala, Tyr, Trp, Phe, and Ile) contents. Moderate to strong positive phenotypic correlations among traits within each trait category (size and weight traits, yolk amino acid traits, and albumen amino acid traits), whereas there were basically no or weak correlations among the trait categories. However, a unique feature was found in the Araucana cross indicating moderate positive correlations of amino acids between yolk and albumen. These results suggest that genetic factors can modify not only the size and weight of the egg and eggshell color but also yolk and albumen free amino acids contents.

ETHNIC PREFERENCE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS FOR THEIR OWN AND OTHER RACIAL GROUPS

Ethnic preferences of black and white college students were measured using subjects' ratings of employment applications of either Afro-Americans, Asian-Americans, or Whites. Participants rated the “applicants” on items falling into three broad dimensions: inferred traits possessed by the applicant (e.g., intelligence), personal liking for the applicant, and heterosexual attraction to the applicant. The data revealed that whites preferred white applicants and blacks preferred black applicants across all three categories. The findings were weakest in the inferred trait category, but preference for one's own race was extremely strong in liking and heterosexual attraction categories. The present findings contradict earlier studies which suggested that blacks prefer white stimuli.