The Great Migration Escape

This chapter provides an account of the first wave of African American migration into the Appalachian region of eastern Kentucky. It addresses the implementation of Black Codes, also known as Jim Crow laws, the convict leasing system, and how psychological and physical terror in the form of public lynchings helped maintain the social order of white supremacy. Brown attends to the role of the labor agent as a grey-market actor in facilitating the onset of the first wave of the African American Great Migration. Drawing on the oral history and archival data, the chapter distils a profile of the legendary figure, Limehouse, the white labor agent hired by United States Steel Corporation to sneak and transport black men and their families out of Alabama to Harlan County, Kentucky to work in the coalmines. The chapter also focuses on the psychosocial dimensions of this silent mass migration, specifically the spiritual strivings, the hopes, dreams, and disappointments that accompanied the Great Migration.

Mathematical Modeling of Draining of Dual-Strand Caster Tundish With Unequal Throughputs at United States Steel Corporation

Mathematical modeling of the tundish draining process was undertaken in response to the pouring of slag into the caster mold during draining of the dual-strand caster tundish at one of United States Steel Corporation’s plants before a tundish change. It was observed upon dumping of the tundish that the tundish skull was mostly slag on one side (the strand with the slag in the mold) and nearly all steel on the other. The current study attempted to reproduce the tundish draining event via mathematical modeling using the PHOENICS computational fluid dynamics software. The tundish draining was modeled for the case where the throughput of one strand was double that of the other strand. Transient flow modeling of the draining process included solving for the pressure and velocities for the two-phase slag-steel flows for two cases, one with a 6-inch thick slag layer and one with a 2-inch slag layer. The results showed that the draining process was affected significantly by the thickness of the initial slag layer. The simulations also qualitatively predicted the tendency of the slag to accumulate on the side with the higher throughput during tundish draining for a dual-strand tundish containing dams on both sides of the pouring area in the center.