QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND HYDROGEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GAZLIGÖL (İHSANIYE-AFYONKARAHISAR, TURKEY) WATER RESOURCES

The study area includes Gazlıgöl (İhsaniye) and its surroundings located approximately 21 km north of Afyonkarahisar province. In this study, it is aimed to determine the hydrochemical properties of the water resources in the study area and their usability for different purposes. With this scope, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), main anion-cation and NO3 contents of a total of 19 groundwater samples in the region were determined. According to the results obtained, the pH values of the water resources in the region vary between 7.1 and 8.1 and the average is 7.7, which is basic water. The electrical conductivity values are between 110 and 1927 µS/cm, with an average of 461 µS/cm. The dominant water types in the region are Ca-Na-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4, Na-Ca-HCO3 and Na-Ca-HCO3-SO4. World Health Organization (WHO) and Turkish Standards Institute (TSE 266) standards were used to evaluate the usability of water resources in the study area as drinking water and it has been determined that only the samples H16 and H18 can be unfavorable to use as drinking water. Electrical conductivity, sodium percentage, sodium adsorption rate, residual sodium carbonate, Kelley index, permeability index parameters, Wilcox and US Salinity Laboratory Diagrams were used to evaluate the suitability of water resources as irrigation water. According to the results obtained, it was determined that all waters were suitable for irrigation water, except for samples HG16 and HG18. In addition, in terms of the industrial use properties of the water resources, HG1, HG11 and HG19 samples are in the "bubbling waters when boiling" class, while the HG16 and HG18 samples are in the "highly foaming waters when boiling" class. HG9, HG10, HG11, HG13, HG16, HG18 and HG19 samples in the class of “carbonate precipitations occur” and this type of water can cause rotting and calcification.

Hydrochemical Assessment of the Irrigation Water Quality of the El-Salam Canal, Egypt

The El-Salam canal in Egypt is considered an important stream of fresh water for the agricultural sector that extends from the Nile River to Sinai, while it is subjected to several anthropogenic stresses. In this study, five-georeferenced stations (named from S1 to S5) were monitored along the El-Salam Canal before El-Sahara of the Suez Canal, via the estimation of the WQ index based on major cations and anions analysis including salinity hazard, permeability index, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard, sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, Kelley index, potential salinity, total hardness, and irrigation water quality index (IWQI). The sequence of average concentration of cations in water were Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+. The major cations constitute around 60% of the total dissolved salts. While the sequence of major anions in water were SO42− > HCO3− > Cl− > CO32−. These cations and anions showed an increasing trend from S1 (intake of the canal) to S5 (before El-Sahara) of the El-Salam Canal. Moreover, the order of heavy metals was Zn < Cd < Cr < Ni < Fe < Mn < Co < Cu < Pb. According to the US EPA (1999) guidelines, the levels of Fe and Zn in the El-Salam Canal are within the permissible limits for drinking and irrigation purposes, while Mn, Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, and Cd were detected at higher concentrations than those recommended. The value of IWQI in water samples varied from 40.26 to 114.82. The samples of S1 showed good water, the samples of region S2 (after mixing with Faraskour drainage) showed poor water quality, samples of regions S3 (after mixing with the El-Serw drain waters) and S5 (before El-Sahara) fell under the very poor water category and samples of region S4 (after mixing with the Hadous drainage) showed unsuitable water. Croplands irrigated with such water will not be exposed to any alkaline risks but will be exposed to the risk of salinity, which is more severe after mixing at the S3 and S4 sites. It is recommended to treat the drainage water before mixing with the irrigation water of El-Salam Canal to raise the suitability of irrigation water for crops, particularly for the Hadous drain.