Does the Use of Use of Continuous or Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation Protocols Improve the Removal of Smear Layer? A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of smear layer removal after the use of different irrigation methods (passive ultrasonic irrigation [PUI], continuous ultrasonic irrigation [CUI], apical negative pressure irrigation and conventional irrigation) using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as an analytical tool. A total of 100 single-canal teeth were decoronated and randomly divided into five groups (n = 20) according to the irrigation method used: conventional irrigation with front outlet syringe, conventional irrigation with lateral outlet syringe, apical negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac), PUI with Irrisafe, and CUI with ProUltra PiezoFlow ultrasonic irrigation needle. Root canal preparation was performed with the ProTaper Gold system up to the F4 instrument and 5.25% NaOCl was used as an irrigant. After chemical-mechanical preparation, the roots were split longitudinally, and the coronal, middle and apical thirds examined. SEM digital photomicrographs were taken at ×1000 magnification to evaluate the amount of smear layer in each root canal third. CUI was more effective in removing the smear layer than the other irrigation protocols. However, none of the irrigation protocols were able to produce root canals completely free from smear layer.

Effect of antioxidants agents on Dentinal Tubular Penetration of EndoREZ sealer on sodium hypochlorite-treated root canal dentin: A Scanning electron microscopic study v1

According to ISO, the canals were enlarged to a size 30, 6% taper with ProTaper gold (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) by crown down technique (Singh et al., 2015).Irrigation was performed with Saline and 17% EDTA in Group I. After biomechanical preparation, groups II, III, IV, and V were irrigated with 5 mL-Sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) and 5 mL-EDTA (17%) for 1 minute. Irrigation was done on Groups III, IV, and V for an additional 10 minutes with 10% Ellagic acid, 5% Lycopene extract, and 5% Grape Seed Extract, respectively. After irrigation, the root canals were dried. The EndoREZ (Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan, Utah, USA) was used in the canals using a 25-size spreader (Mani Inc., Tochigi, Japan), followed by warm vertical condensation. Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis: The specimens were longitudinally sectioned. Then samples were immersed in 17% EDTA solution for 10 minutes, immersed in 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes, and lastly washed entirely with water to remove and smear the layer. Carbon sputtering was performed in the middle and apical thirds of the root canal to aid SEM (500x magnification) evaluation.

Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Aplectana Duttaphryni Sou, Sow and Nandi, 2014 from A New Frog Host, Fejervarya limnocharis in West Bengal

Aplectana duttaphryni Sou, Sow and Nandi, 2014 was first reported in Kulti, Asansol coal-mine region, West Bengal from a toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1899) only using light microscope. Present article describes, A. duttaphryni in details collected from the rectum of an anuran frog, Fejervarya limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829) in Birbhum district, West Bengal. Aplectana duttaphryni is reported for the first time from Birbhum district, West Bengal. The parasites identified by its lanceolate shaped gubernaculum, presence of 1 pair of similar and equal spicules and also with the presence of 3 pairs of preanal papillae, 2 pairs of adanal papillae, 13 pairs of postanal papillae and single papillae on the upper lip of anus. In the present study, Birbhum district recorded as new geographical locality and F. limnocharis recorded as a new host.