Duality Pairs and Homomorphisms to Oriented and Unoriented Cycles

In the homomorphism order of digraphs, a duality pair is an ordered pair of digraphs $(G,H)$ such that for any digraph, $D$, $G\to D$ if and only if $D\not \to H$. The directed path on $k+1$ vertices together with the transitive tournament on $k$ vertices is a classic example of a duality pair. In this work, for every undirected cycle $C$ we find an orientation $C_D$ and an oriented path $P_C$, such that $(P_C,C_D)$ is a duality pair. As a consequence we obtain that there is a finite set, $F_C$, such that an undirected graph is homomorphic to $C$, if and only if it admits an $F_C$-free orientation. As a byproduct of the proposed duality pairs, we show that if $T$ is an oriented tree of height at most $3$, one can choose a dual of $T$ of linear size with respect to the size of $T$.

Turán theorems for unavoidable patterns

We prove Turán-type theorems for two related Ramsey problems raised by Bollobás and by Fox and Sudakov. First, for t ≥ 3, we show that any two-colouring of the complete graph on n vertices that is δ-far from being monochromatic contains an unavoidable t-colouring when δ ≫ n−1/t, where an unavoidable t-colouring is any two-colouring of a clique of order 2t in which one colour forms either a clique of order t or two disjoint cliques of order t. Next, for t ≥ 3, we show that any tournament on n vertices that is δ-far from being transitive contains an unavoidable t-tournament when δ ≫ n−1/[t/2], where an unavoidable t-tournament is the blow-up of a cyclic triangle obtained by replacing each vertex of the triangle by a transitive tournament of order t. Conditional on a well-known conjecture about bipartite Turán numbers, both our results are sharp up to implied constants and hence determine the order of magnitude of the corresponding off-diagonal Ramsey numbers.

Preference Graph of Potential Method as a Fuzzy Graph

An autocatalytic set (ACS) is a graph. On the other hand, the Potential Method (PM) is an established graph based concept for optimization purpose. Firstly, a restricted form of ACS, namely, weak autocatalytic set (WACS), a derivation of transitive tournament, is introduced in this study. Then, a new mathematical concept, namely, fuzzy weak autocatalytic set (FWACS), is defined and its relations to transitive PM are established. Some theorems are proven to highlight their relations. Finally, this paper concludes that any preference graph is a fuzzy graph Type 5.

Subdivisions in Digraphs of Large Out-Degree or Large Dichromatic Number

In 1985, Mader conjectured the existence of a function $f$ such that every digraph with minimum out-degree at least $f(k)$ contains a subdivision of the transitive tournament of order $k$. This conjecture is still completely open, as the existence of $f(5)$ remains unknown. In this paper, we show that if $D$ is an oriented path, or an in-arborescence (i.e., a tree with all edges oriented towards the root) or the union of two directed paths from $x$ to $y$ and a directed path from $y$ to $x$, then every digraph with minimum out-degree large enough contains a subdivision of $D$. Additionally, we study Mader's conjecture considering another graph parameter. The dichromatic number of a digraph $D$ is the smallest integer $k$ such that $D$ can be partitioned into $k$ acyclic subdigraphs. We show that any digraph with dichromatic number greater than $4^m (n-1)$ contains every digraph with $n$ vertices and $m$ arcs as a subdivision. We show that any digraph with dichromatic number greater than $4^m (n-1)$ contains every digraph with $n$ vertices and $m$ arcs as a subdivision.

On the Caccetta-Häggkvist Conjecture with a Forbidden Transitive Tournament

The Caccetta-Häggkvist Conjecture asserts that every oriented graph on $n$ vertices without directed cycles of length less than or equal to $l$ has minimum outdegree at most $(n-1)/l$. In this paper we state a conjecture for graphs missing a transitive tournament on $2^k+1$ vertices, with a weaker assumption on minimum outdegree. We prove that the Caccetta-Häggkvist Conjecture follows from the presented conjecture and show matching constructions for all $k$ and $l$. The main advantage of considering this generalized conjecture is that it reduces the set of the extremal graphs and allows using an induction.We also prove the triangle case of the conjecture for $k=1$ and $2$ by using the Razborov's flag algebras. In particular, it proves the most interesting and studied case of the Caccetta-Häggkvist Conjecture in the class of graphs without the transitive tournament on 5 vertices. It is also shown that the extremal graph for the case $k=2$ has to be a blow-up of a directed cycle on 4 vertices having in each blob an extremal graph for the case $k=1$ (complete regular bipartite graph), which confirms the conjectured structure of the extremal examples.

Coloring the nodes of a directed graph

It is an empirical fact that coloring the nodes of a graph can be used to speed up clique search algorithms. In directed graphs transitive subtournaments can play the role of cliques. In order to speed up algorithms to locate large transitive tournaments we propose a scheme for coloring the nodes of a directed graph. The main result of the paper is that in practically interesting situations determining the optimal number of colors in the proposed coloring is an NP-hard problem. A possible conclusion to draw from this result is that for practical transitive tournament search algorithms we have to develop approximate greedy coloring algorithms.