Maternal-fetal attachment and anxiety in pregnant women who conceived through assisted reproductive technology: A longitudinal study

Background: Pregnancy through assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a stressful experience that may affect prenatal attachment. However, maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) and anxiety in pregnancy after ART are understudied in Iran. Objective: To compare changes in MFA and pregnancy-related anxiety (PRA) in the first and third trimester of pregnancy in women who conceived through ART compared to those who conceived naturally. Materials and Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted in 2019 with 187 pregnant women (ART conception = 43, natural conception = 144). Participants were recruited using the consecutive sampling method from a prenatal clinic in Tehran. The Cranley MFA Scale and the Van Den Bergh PRA Questionnaire were used to collect the data. Results: The MFA score in the 12th wk of gestation was lower in the women who conceived with ART compared to in the women who conceived naturally, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in wk 36. MFA in both groups was significantly higher at gestational wk 36 than wk 12 (p ≤ 0.001). The increase in MFA score was significantly higher in the women who conceived with ART than in those who conceived naturally (p ≤ 0.001). The anxiety score declined in the two groups and no statistically significant difference was observed in the changes of anxiety scores between the two groups (p = 0.84). Conclusion: Pregnant women who conceived through ART were as attached to their fetus in the third trimester of pregnancy as other women and did not experience more PRA. Key words: Attachment, Maternal fetal relations, Assisted reproductive technology, Pregnancy, Anxiety.

TIPOLOGÍAS DE FAMILIAS ADOPTIVAS Y SEGURIDAD EN LAS CONDUCTAS DE APEGO INFANTIL

TYPOLOGIES OF ADOPTIVE FAMILIES AND SECURITY IN CHILD APPRENTICATION BEHAVIORSIn order to analyze the family characteristics that favor the positive development of adopted children, relationships between different family dimensions (adult attachment, reflexive function, stress and interactions) have been studied, trying to identify family typologies based on these characteristics Family members. Delving into all these issues in the “natural” context of adoption allows for a unique environment to address the effect of environmental variables before and after adoption. From this perspective, adoption is presented as a very valuable research context to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of families and child psychological adjustment. In this direction the objective of the present investigation is to develop a predictive model for the security in the attachment behaviors of the minors from different typologies of families and sociodemographic variables. The sample was formed by 98 Spanish families, 40 adoptive families and 58 non-adoptive families. The results showed that a positive view of the affective experience of the child was strongly related to a greater safety in the attachment behaviors of the children and that high levels of stress in the raising of the children was negatively associated with the security in the children. Attachment behaviors of minors. Conglomerate analysis showed that when fathers and mothers belonged to the second family typology, safety in children’s attachment behaviors increased. Future lines of research should continue to deepen the relationships established between parental reflexive function, parental stress and child attachment (behavioral and representational level).Key words: Attachment, reflexive function, parental stress, family typologies and international adoption.Resumen.Con la finalidad de analizar las características familiares que favorecen el desarrollo positivo de los niños adoptados, se han estudiado las relaciones entre distintas dimensiones familiares (apego adulto, función reflexiva, estrés e interacciones), tratando de identificar tipologías de familias a partir de dichas características familiares. Profundizar en todas estas cuestiones en el contexto “natural” de la adopción permite contar con un entorno único para abordar el efecto de las variables ambientales antes y después de la adopción. Desde esta perspectiva, la adopción se presenta como un contexto de investigación muy valioso para analizar la relación entre las características de las familias y el ajuste psicológico infantil. En esta dirección se encuentra el objetivo de la presente investigación, que consiste en desarrollar un modelo predictivo para la seguridad en las conductas de apego de los menores a partir de distintas tipologías de familias y de variables sociodemográficas. La muestra estuvo formada por 98 familias españolas, 40 familias adoptivas y 58 familias no adoptivas. El análisis de conglomerados mostró que cuando los padres y madres pertenecían a la segunda tipología de familia, la seguridad en las conductas de apego de los niños aumentaba. Futuras líneas de investigación deberían seguir profundizando en las relaciones que se establecen entre la función reflexiva parental, el estrés parental y el apego infantil (plano conductual y representacional).Palabras clave: Apego, función reflexiva, estrés parental, tipologías familiares y adopción internacional.

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Psychodynamic psychotherapy is an evidence-based treatment that historically had its origins in psychoanalysis. It is based on an appreciation that the past continues to interfere with the present through the persisting existence of relationship templates generated during development. These developmental experiences include ideas, wishes, and fears that are too disturbing for the patient to allow awareness but continue to exert their effects outside of conscious awareness. The psychodynamic therapist fosters an experience that allows for unconscious material to become more available, through free association, examination of resistance, and exploration of transference. As therapy progresses, the growth of the patient’s insight and the resumption of stalled developmental opportunities result in symptomatic improvement and an enhanced quality of life. Psychodynamic psychotherapy has both a long history and an expanding literature that will both reward further study and assist in the care and understanding of those sufferers who are seen by clinicians every day. This review contains 5 tables, and 60 references. Key words: attachment, autonomy, free association, identity, resistance, separation, therapeutic attitude, transference, triangular relationships, unconscious motivation

DESORGANIZACIÓN DEL APEGO Y EL TRASTORNO TRAUMÁTICO DEL DESARROLLO (TTD)

DISRUPTION OF ATTACHMENT AND TRAUMATIC DISORDER OF DEVELOPMENTQuality development of family members depends on the quality of relationships they have established. From this developmental perspective the early parent-child interactions are a central aspect of Bowlby’s attachment theory. Mary Ainsworth allows us to establish a classification of attachment behaviors and Main and Solomon bring us under the name of disorganized attachment more complex and disturbing profiles of relations between parents and children. These relationships should be asymmetric and have a unique sense. In this paper we show the contributions related to disorganized attachment, its relationship to personality development and the need to collect diagnostic criteria when traumatic experiences are repeated, cumulative and occurred long before the recognition of symptoms.Key words: Key words: attachment, disorganized attachment, dissociation, traumatic developmentResumen:La calidad del desarrollo de los miembros de la familia depende de la calidad de las relaciones que han establecido. Desde esta perspectiva evolutiva, las interacciones tempranas padres-hijos van a constituir un aspecto central y básico de la teoría del apego de Bowlby. Mary Ainsworth nos permite establecer una clasificación de las conductas de apego y son Main y Solomon quienes nos aportan bajo la denominación de apego desorganizado los perfiles más complejos y perturbadores de las relaciones entre padres e hijos, relaciones que deben ser asimétricas y tienen un único sentido. En este trabajo ponemos de manifiesto las aportaciones relacionadas con el apego desorganizado su relación con el desarrollo de la personalidad y la necesidad de recoger criterios diagnósticos cuando las experiencias traumáticas son repetidas y acumulativas y tuvieron lugar muchos tiempo antes del reconocimiento de los síntomas.Palabras clave: apego, desorganización del apego, disociación, desarrollo traumático.

Sistemi motivazionali interpersonali in adolescenza

- In this work we describe two evaluation methods (PIGA and AIMIT) we used in analysis of interactions between adolescents and their own parents. In our opinion it's very important in Adolescence to take in account and analyze how interpersonal motivational systems can define the parent-adolescent interactions to understand what kind of situation can improve and subtain the adoescent's development. Key Words: Attachment; Interpersonal Motivational Systems; Evaluation Instruments; Psychoterapy; Parents training.

Molecular analysis of lytic genes of bacteriophage 80α ofStaphylococcus aureus

Nucleotide sequencing of a 3779-bp fragment of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage 80α revealed two open reading frames: ORF1, designated as lytA, which encodes a polypeptide of 481 amino acids with an apparent Mrof 53.81 kDa; and ORF2, designated as holin, which encodes for a hydrophobic polypeptide of 145 amino acids with an apparent Mrof 15.58 kDa and exhibits two putative transmembrane helices. Both genes showed 100% sequence homology to that of the peptidoglycan hydrolase and holin genes of the S. aureus phage [Formula: see text] reported earlier. In addition, the downstream sequences of the lytA gene were homologous to the phage attachment site (attP) of the phage [Formula: see text]. Based on our data we propose that the lytic system of the phage 80α evolved from that of phage [Formula: see text].Key words: attachment site, bacteriophage 80α, holin, peptidoglycan hydrolase, Staphylococcus aureus.