Family Structure, Economic Outcomes and Perceived Change in Economic Well-being in India

As demographic, economic and cultural shifts continue to diversify family structure, researchers need to explore new ways of conceptualizing and measuring family characteristics and economic outcomes. There are hardly any quantitative studies in India to understand the families from a demographic perspective and relate them to economic outcomes. Thus, we explore the plausible association between the family structure and economic outcomes and perceived change in economic well-being in India. This study conceptualized and adopted a demographic approach to derive family typologies that suit a developing country like India and its cultural context. The study uses the latest information based on India Human Development Survey, 2011-12 and applies robust statistical methods. The findings suggest that family structure makes a huge difference in their economic outcomes. Mostly the families with single residents (adult or older) and families with female children or older adults have a huge economic disadvantage compared to their counterparts.

Typologies of Family Functioning and 24-h Movement Behaviors

Research on the importance of the family environment on children’s health behaviors is ubiquitous, yet critical gaps in the literature exist. Many studies have focused on one family characteristic and have relied on variable-centered approaches as opposed to person-centered approaches (e.g., latent profile analysis). The purpose of the current study was to use latent profile analysis to identify family typologies characterized by parental acceptance, parental monitoring, and family conflict, and to examine whether such typologies are associated with the number of movement behavior recommendations (i.e., physical activity, screen time, and sleep) met by children. Data for this cross-sectional observational study were part of the baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Data were collected across 21 study sites in the United States. Participants included 10,712 children (female = 5143, males = 5578) aged 9 and 10 years (M = 9.91, SD = 0.62). Results showed that children were meaningfully classified into one of five family typologies. Children from families with high acceptance, medium monitoring, and medium conflict (P2; OR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.39–0.76); high acceptance, medium monitoring, and high conflict (P3; OR = 0.28; 95% CI, 0.20, 0.40); low acceptance, low monitoring, and medium conflict (P4; OR = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.16, 0.36); and medium acceptance, low monitoring, and high conflict (P5; OR = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.12–0.29) were less likely to meet all three movement behavior recommendations compared to children from families with high acceptance, high monitoring, and low conflict (P1). These findings highlight the importance of the family environment for promoting healthy movement behaviors among children.

Typologies of Family Functioning and 24-Hour Movement Behaviors

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to use latent profile analysis to identify family typologies characterized by parental acceptance, parental monitoring, and family conflict, and to examine whether such typologies were associated with the number of movement behavior recommendations (i.e., physical activity, screen time, and sleep) met by children. Methods: Data for this cross-sectional observational study were part of the baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Data were collected from September 1, 2016 to September 15, 2018, across 21 study sites in the United States. Participants included 11,875 children aged 9 and 10 years. Results: Results from latent profile analysis showed that children were meaningfully classified into one of five family typologies, ranging from ideal (high acceptance, high monitoring, and low conflict) to poor (medium acceptance, low monitoring, and high conflict) functioning. Children from good (OR= 0.54; 95% CI, 0.39-0.76), average (OR=0.28; 95% CI, 0.20, 0.40), fair (OR=0.24; 95% CI, 0.16, 0.36), and poor (OR=0.19; 95% CI, 0.12-0.29) functioning families were less likely to meet all three movement behavior recommendations compared to children from ideal functioning families. The odds of meeting all recommendations progressively decreased as family functioning worsened. Similar findings and pattern of results were found for meeting ≥2 recommendations and ≥1 recommendation. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of the family environment for promoting healthy movement behaviors among children.

Women’s Work-Family Histories and Cognitive Performance in Later Life

Long-term exposures to the stress and stimulation of different work, parenting, and partnership combinations might influence later life cognition. We investigated the relationship between women’s work-family life histories and cognitive functioning in later life. Analyses were based on data from women born between 1930 and 1957 in 14 European countries, from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (2004–2009) (n = 11,908). Multichannel sequence analysis identified 5 distinct work-family typologies based on women’s work, partnership, and childrearing statuses between ages 12 and 50 years. Multilevel regressions were used to test the association between work-family histories and later-life cognition. Partnered mothers who mainly worked part-time had the best cognitive function in later life, scoring approximately 0.63 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 1.07) points higher than mothers who worked full-time on a 19-point scale. Partnered mothers who were mainly unpaid caregivers or who did other unpaid activities had cognitive scores that were 1.19 (95% CI: 0.49, 1.89) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.20, 1.66) points lower than full-time working mothers. The findings are robust to adjustment for childhood advantage and educational credentials. This study provides new evidence that long-term exposures to certain social role combinations after childhood and schooling are linked to later-life cognition.

TYPOLOGY OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIP AND ELDER MISTREATMENT IN A U.S. CHINESE POPULATION

Early research on family relationship and Elder Mistreatment (EM) often focused on one or two indicators of relations. A typology approach that capture the complexity and variation of relations is a useful tool to understand the association between multifaceted family relationship and EM. EM was measured by a modified Vulnerability to Abuse Screening Scale. Latent Class Analysis was used to construct family typologies, evaluating structural, associational, functional, affectual, and normative aspects of family relationship. Logistic regression was used. Unobligated ambivalent (OR, 1.90; 95%CI, 1.54-2.34) and detached (OR, 1.78; 95%CI, 1.32-2.42) typologies were associated with greater risk of EM, while tight-knit (OR, 0.34; 95%CI, 0.27-0.44) typology was associated with lower risk of EM. Unobligated ambivalent typology, featured by high intergenerational closeness and conflict, was prevalent among US Chinese immigrants, and associated with greater likelihood of EM. Culturally customized social services were suggested to reduce intergenerational ambivalence and prevent EM for immigrants.

POTRET BUDAYA LOKAL MASYARAKAT TANJUNG RAYA, KABUPATEN AGAM - SUMATERA BARAT DI ERA DIGITAL

The people of West Sumatra, who have been adhering to the Minangkabau matrilineal cultural tradition, are currently experiencing cultural decay. Many studies speculate that the unique Minangkabau culture will not be too much disturbed by the influx of globalization because in essence the only part that will be eroded is the peripheral part, while the core will remain preserved for all time. This study photographed the people of Tanjung Raya District based on existing family typologies, then saw a shift in norms passed on to teenagers using the six Hofstede cultural dimensions. This study surveyed five types of families with calculations using a simple addition operation. The results of the questionnaire were made high and low criteria, then presented in cobweb graphical form. The assessment indicators are based on the six dimensions of Hofstede's culture. Shifting the teachings of exemplary teachings from Minangkabau culture is determined using the ANOVA test. The results of this study are to map the portrait of Minangkabau culture according to Hofstede and a portrait of each of Hofstede's dimensions in each type of family in Tanjung Raya District. From there, it can be seen how far away the approach of the values taught by the family towards Minangkabau culture is approaching.

Potret Budaya Lokal Masyarakat Tanjung Raya, Kabupaten Agam - Sumatera Barat di Era Digital

The people of West Sumatra, who have been adhering to the Minangkabau matrilineal cultural tradition, are currently experiencing cultural decay. Many studies speculate that the unique Minangkabau culture will not be too much disturbed by the influx of globalization because in essence the only part that will be eroded is the peripheral part, while the core will remain preserved for all time. This study photographed the people of Tanjung Raya District based on existing family typologies, then saw a shift in norms passed on to teenagers using the six Hofstede cultural dimensions. This study surveyed five types of families with calculations using a simple addition operation. The results of the questionnaire were made high and low criteria, then presented in cobweb graphical form. The assessment indicators are based on the six dimensions of Hofstede's culture. Shifting the teachings of exemplary teachings from Minangkabau culture is determined using the ANOVA test. The results of this study are to map the portrait of Minangkabau culture according to Hofstede and a portrait of each of Hofstede's dimensions in each type of family in Tanjung Raya District. From there, it can be seen how far away the approach of the values taught by the family towards Minangkabau culture is approaching.

TIPOLOGÍAS DE FAMILIAS ADOPTIVAS Y SEGURIDAD EN LAS CONDUCTAS DE APEGO INFANTIL

TYPOLOGIES OF ADOPTIVE FAMILIES AND SECURITY IN CHILD APPRENTICATION BEHAVIORSIn order to analyze the family characteristics that favor the positive development of adopted children, relationships between different family dimensions (adult attachment, reflexive function, stress and interactions) have been studied, trying to identify family typologies based on these characteristics Family members. Delving into all these issues in the “natural” context of adoption allows for a unique environment to address the effect of environmental variables before and after adoption. From this perspective, adoption is presented as a very valuable research context to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of families and child psychological adjustment. In this direction the objective of the present investigation is to develop a predictive model for the security in the attachment behaviors of the minors from different typologies of families and sociodemographic variables. The sample was formed by 98 Spanish families, 40 adoptive families and 58 non-adoptive families. The results showed that a positive view of the affective experience of the child was strongly related to a greater safety in the attachment behaviors of the children and that high levels of stress in the raising of the children was negatively associated with the security in the children. Attachment behaviors of minors. Conglomerate analysis showed that when fathers and mothers belonged to the second family typology, safety in children’s attachment behaviors increased. Future lines of research should continue to deepen the relationships established between parental reflexive function, parental stress and child attachment (behavioral and representational level).Key words: Attachment, reflexive function, parental stress, family typologies and international adoption.Resumen.Con la finalidad de analizar las características familiares que favorecen el desarrollo positivo de los niños adoptados, se han estudiado las relaciones entre distintas dimensiones familiares (apego adulto, función reflexiva, estrés e interacciones), tratando de identificar tipologías de familias a partir de dichas características familiares. Profundizar en todas estas cuestiones en el contexto “natural” de la adopción permite contar con un entorno único para abordar el efecto de las variables ambientales antes y después de la adopción. Desde esta perspectiva, la adopción se presenta como un contexto de investigación muy valioso para analizar la relación entre las características de las familias y el ajuste psicológico infantil. En esta dirección se encuentra el objetivo de la presente investigación, que consiste en desarrollar un modelo predictivo para la seguridad en las conductas de apego de los menores a partir de distintas tipologías de familias y de variables sociodemográficas. La muestra estuvo formada por 98 familias españolas, 40 familias adoptivas y 58 familias no adoptivas. El análisis de conglomerados mostró que cuando los padres y madres pertenecían a la segunda tipología de familia, la seguridad en las conductas de apego de los niños aumentaba. Futuras líneas de investigación deberían seguir profundizando en las relaciones que se establecen entre la función reflexiva parental, el estrés parental y el apego infantil (plano conductual y representacional).Palabras clave: Apego, función reflexiva, estrés parental, tipologías familiares y adopción internacional.

PARENTALIDAD ADOPTIVA Y PROBLEMAS DE CONDUCTA INFANTIL

ADOPTIVE PARENTALITY AND PROBLEMS OF CHILD CONDUCTTraditionally, research in the context of the adoption has tried to answer two main research questions. The first question is whether adopted children have more problems than non-adopted children and the second is whether adopted children get recover from adversity experienced before being adopted. In the literature on adoption there are evidences that have been responding to these questions. Recent research on adoption, in addition to the above issues, address the issue referred to the processes and factors operating in the psychological adjustment of children adopted. With the intention of responding to these ultimate questions this research is designed, which focuses on the analysis of the psychological characteristics of parents and the processes of relationship between parents and children. Specifically parents are analysed in attachment related aspects, sensitivity, reflective functioning and parental stress. These issues are discussed in the context of the family adoption and its relationship with behavioural problems in children. The sample amounted to a total of 98 Spanish families, 40 adoptive families and 58 non adoptive families. The multiple linear regression revealed that when parents had a personal history of low maternal and paternal overprotection and high affection by the figure of the mother in childhood and adolescence, a positive parental reflective function under parental stress and high quality in the interaction between mothers and children, the behavioural adjustment difficulties decreased. Deepening on the dynamics and functioning that occurs inside adoptive families will improve designs for future lines of action in this context.Key words: Adoption, family typologies, behavior problems, childhood.Resumen.Tradicionalmente, la investigación en el contexto de la adopción ha tratado de dar respuesta a dos preguntas principales de investigación. La primera pregunta es si los niños adoptados presentan más problemas que los niños no adoptados y la segunda es si los niños se recuperan de la adversidad experimentada antes de ser adoptados. En la literatura sobre adopción existen evidencias que han ido dando respuesta a estos interrogantes. Investigaciones más recientes en adopción abordan, además de las cuestiones anteriores, la cuestión referida a los procesos y factores que operan en el ajuste psicológico de los niños adoptados. Con la intención de dar respuesta a estas últimas cuestiones se ha diseñado la presente investigación, que se centra en el análisis de las características psicológicas de los padres y madres y los procesos de relación entre padres e hijos. En concreto se analizan en los padres aspectos relacionados con el apego, con la sensibilidad, la función reflexiva y el estrés parentales. Estos temas se analizan en el contexto familiar de la adopción, así como su relación con los problemas de conducta en los menores. La muestra ascendió a un total de 98 familias españolas, 40 familias de adopción internacional y 58 familias no adoptivas. El análisis de regresión lineal múltiple reveló que cuando los padres y madres presentaban una historia personal de baja sobreprotección materna y paterna y alto afecto por parte de la figura de la madre en la infancia y la adolescencia, una función reflexiva parental positiva, bajo estrés parental y alta calidad en la interacción entre madres e hijos, las dificultades de adaptación conductual disminuyeron. Profundizar en la dinámica y el funcionamiento que se da en el interior de las familias adoptivas permitirá mejorar los diseños de futuras líneas de intervención en este contexto.Palabras clave: Adopción, tipologías de familias, problemas de conducta, infancia.