Optimal management of distance-based location registration using embedded Markov chain

In this study, we deal with a Distance-Based Registration with Implicit Registration, which is an enhanced scheme of the Distance-Based Registration in mobile-cellular networks. In comparisons with other Location Registration schemes, various studies on the Distance-Based Registration scheme and performance have been performed. However, a real network hierarchy has not been properly reflected in the performance evaluation of the Distance-Based Registration. To accurately evaluate the registration and paging costs of the Distance-Based Registration, a real network hierarchy should reflect that a mobile network is made up of many Visitor Location Register areas. Furthermore, we use an embedded Markov-Chain model in the Visitor Location Register hierarchy, which can reflect not only the Implicit Registration effect of the outgoing calls of user equipment but also cell staying time of the user equipment that may follow a general distribution. Without consideration of the Visitor Location Register, the paging cost decreases due to a small paging area, but the location registration cost rises because of frequent inter Visitor Location Register. The numerical results according to the various conditions show an accurate evaluation of the Distance-Based Registration performance in a real network hierarchy and the general cell staying time. Generally, the total signaling cost will increase when we consider the Visitor Location Register. However, for more appropriate evaluation of the Distance-Based Registration performance, it is necessary to consider the Visitor Location Register hierarchy.

HLR Framework Development for Continuous Integration

Home Location Register (HLR) and Home Subscriber Server (HSS) are the master databases which manages Second Generation (2G), Third Generation (3G) and Fourth Generation (4G) networks. The Continuous Integration (CI) process requires engineers to integrate application features into a single repository frequently. In this paper, an automated HLR framework development for testing the 2G, 3G, 4G or LTE and IMS application features is presented. The HLR framework helps to install and configure the HLR test machines. This framework helps to automate the configuration management on the test machines using Jenkins server to run Sanity and Regression. The HLR Framework Development for Continuous Integration is going to reduce the manual efforts by automating the task of Continuous Integration process such as installation, configuration, execution and generation of a report.

Mobility Management in Mobile Computing and Networking Environments

This chapter analyzes and proposes some mobility management models and schemes by taking into account their capability to reduce search and location update costs in wireless mobile networks. The first model proposed is called the built-in memory model; it is based on the architecture of the IS-41 network and aims at reducing the home-location-register (HLR) access overhead. The performance of this model was investigated by comparing it with the IS-41 scheme for different call-to-mobility ratios (CMRs). Experimental results indicate that the proposed model is potentially beneficial for large classes of users and can yield substantial reductions in total user-location management costs, particularly for users who have a low CMR. These results also show that the cost reduction obtained on the location update is very significant while the extra costs paid to locate a mobile unit simply amount to the costs of crossing a single pointer between two location areas. The built-in memory model is also compared with the forwarding pointers’ scheme. The results show that this model consistently outperforms the forwarding pointers’ strategy. A second location management model to manage mobility in wireless communications systems is also proposed. The results show that significant cost savings can be obtained compared with the IS-41 standard location-management scheme depending on the value of the mobile units’ CMR.

Movement Prediction Oriented Adaptive Location Management

Movement prediction oriented adaptive location management provides a major role in personal communication service (PCS) system. Generally the GSM system supports two level architecture. Because it supports two kinds of databases-Home Location register and Visitor Location Register. Every time when the user crosses the location area it has to register with the HLR. This creates high cost for registration and location tracking as it involves the use of costly bandwidth between the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) and the HLR. In this paper the technique for reducing the costs during the location tracking and location update is proposed. Taking the movement prediction of the users it creates the block and the user registers with the HLR only after crossing the block instead of crossing the single cell. This movement prediction is generated using one neural network model for all the users. The block register (BR) is introduced between the block and the HLR in two level systems, thus introduces three level architecture. In this architecture some signaling cost values between the MSC-BR, BR-HLR and BR-BR are maintained to get the better performance. In this proposed system the aim is to set the value between the MSC and BR and the two BR as small as possible and the value between the BR and the HLR must be higher to get the better performance.

Research and Application of Virtual Dressing System Based on AR

Augmented reality (AR) strengthens the elements of a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment with sound or graphics. It can be applied in virtual dressing for online shopping, and provide a good solution for online product display. This paper presents a virtual dressing system framework including features capture, tracking and location, register and augmented display. It also designs a layer based application system and implements a prototype of virtual dressing system for glasses online shopping. The system can provide a brand new user experience than before.