Signaling on the railway transport of Russia. History of origin and development

The development of humanity is impossible without means of signaling. Signaling in any sphere of human activity has always been a means of ensuring the safety of his life. One of these areas was railway transport, the development of which and, accordingly, signalling facilities began in the early 19th century.With the progress of technological progress in Russia, signaling tools have also evolved, which have gone from the simplest sound and optical signals to modern ones using satellite technologies. Naturally, this path in the technical evolution of mankind is of interest to scientists and just curious people, since knowledge of the stages of the origin and development of signaling allows contemporaries to improve it and at the same time not forget the basics of this area.As a result of this process, the signaling system on railway transport, its means have undergone serious changes. Primitive ways of giving commands - optical (disk, flag) and sound (whistle) to the participants of the movement were pushed by more modern means of signaling, which already involve microprocessor technology and satellite technologies.An example of modern signaling means is the automatic locomotive signaling of a single row of continuous type (ALS-EN). The signal of this type of signaling is more informative: it contains information about the number of free block sections ahead of the train, as well as about the permissible speed of its movement.

A Class of Nonlinear Nonglobal Semi-Jordan Triple Derivable Mappings on Triangular Algebras

In this paper, we proved that each nonlinear nonglobal semi-Jordan triple derivable mapping on a 2-torsion free triangular algebra is an additive derivation. As its application, we get the similar conclusion on a nest algebra or a 2-torsion free block upper triangular matrix algebra, respectively.

Rocca: An Efficient AES-based Encryption Scheme for Beyond 5G

In this paper, we present an AES-based authenticated-encryption with associated-data scheme called Rocca, with the purpose to reach the requirements on the speed and security in 6G systems. To achieve ultra-fast software implementations, the basic design strategy is to take full advantage of the AES-NI and SIMD instructions as that of the AEGIS family and Tiaoxin-346. Although Jean and Nikolić have generalized the way to construct efficient round functions using only one round of AES (aesenc) and 128-bit XOR operation and have found several efficient candidates, there still seems to exist potential to further improve it regarding speed and state size. In order to minimize the critical path of one round, we remove the case of applying both aesenc and XOR in a cascade way for one round. By introducing a cost-free block permutation in the round function, we are able to search for candidates in a larger space without sacrificing the performance. Consequently, we obtain more efficient constructions with a smaller state size than candidates by Jean and Nikolić. Based on the newly-discovered round function, we carefully design the corresponding AEAD scheme with 256-bit security by taking several reported attacks on the AEGIS family and Tiaxion-346 into account. Our AEAD scheme can reach 138Gbps which is 4 times faster than the AEAD scheme of SNOW-V. Rocca is also much faster than other efficient schemes with 256-bit key length, e.g. AEGIS-256 and AES-256-GCM. As far as we know, Rocca is the first dedicated cryptographic algorithm targeting 6 systems, i.e., 256-bit key length and the speed of more than 100 Gbps.

TCFTL: Improved Real-Time Flash Memory Two Cache Flash Translation Layer Algorithm

The traditional flash translation layer (FTL) algorithm is mainly aimed at optimizing the average response time of flash reading and writing. Since it cannot be updated in place, for the traditional FTL algorithm, it is necessary to find a free page for writing each time. When a block is full, it will redistribute a free block. Therefore, when the flash memory is almost full, a written request will lead to a garbage collection, which will have many write copies, which will lead to a substantial decline in response time. This paper proposes an algorithm that makes full use of spatial locality and temporal locality to optimize the address cache in Demand-based Flash Translation Layer (DFTL) algorithm. In the experiment, this algorithm experiment and good results are obtained.

Structured versus free block play: the impact on arithmetic processing

There are two forms of block play, structured (copying a block design) and free (building from imagination) block play. It is unclear whether these two forms of block play have similar cognitive benefits. In this study the differential effect of structured and free block play on arithmetic processing was examined. Forty-three children aged 8.3±0.8 years participated in the study (21 in free play and 22 in the structured block play group). Results showed that while both groups showed behavioral improvements, only the structured block play group showed significant improvements in both addition and subtraction performance. Additionally, the structured block play group showed increased activation in several regions linked to memory, motor, and arithmetic calculations after training.

A Note on Linear Trend Free Designs in Two Plots Per Block

In this article, we have discussed some aspects of block designs under systematic trend component. The necessary and sufficient condition for a block design to be trend free has been highlighted. A method of constructing linear trend free block designs in two plots per block have been discussed. The characterization properties of such designs have been investigated.