Signaling on the railway transport of Russia. History of origin and development

The development of humanity is impossible without means of signaling. Signaling in any sphere of human activity has always been a means of ensuring the safety of his life. One of these areas was railway transport, the development of which and, accordingly, signalling facilities began in the early 19th century.With the progress of technological progress in Russia, signaling tools have also evolved, which have gone from the simplest sound and optical signals to modern ones using satellite technologies. Naturally, this path in the technical evolution of mankind is of interest to scientists and just curious people, since knowledge of the stages of the origin and development of signaling allows contemporaries to improve it and at the same time not forget the basics of this area.As a result of this process, the signaling system on railway transport, its means have undergone serious changes. Primitive ways of giving commands - optical (disk, flag) and sound (whistle) to the participants of the movement were pushed by more modern means of signaling, which already involve microprocessor technology and satellite technologies.An example of modern signaling means is the automatic locomotive signaling of a single row of continuous type (ALS-EN). The signal of this type of signaling is more informative: it contains information about the number of free block sections ahead of the train, as well as about the permissible speed of its movement.

Experience of Using EasyEDA to Develop Training Boards on the PIC16f887 Microcontroller

A brief overview of computer-aided design (CAD) systems widely used in Russia is presented, and the main requirements for tracing PCB boards are given. The main features of the actively developing cloud CAD system EasyEDA are shown, and the expediency of its use is justified. The idea of creating low-cost electronic training boards based on the PIC16F887 microcontroller for studying the basics of microprocessor technology is presented. Electronic training boards demonstrate all the capabilities of the microcontroller – the operation of the I/O ports, serial port, analog-to-digital converter( ADC), with a two-line liquid crystal display (LCD), with temperature sensors, with a DC motor, with a stepper motor, etc. The experience of developing a budget electronic training boards based on a PIC microcontroller in EasyEDA, which can be used to study the programming of microcontrollers, is shown. Shown are the possibilities of using the jlcpcb.com service to order PCB boards in the largest PCB prototyping enterprise in China, called JLCPCB.

THE ABILITY OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES TO INFLUENCE THE NEUTRAL MODE OF ELECTRIC GRIDS

In this article, we consider the modes of neutrals of 0,38 to 750 kV networks. In any network with different voltage classes, the neutral point of a power transformer winding can operate both in isolated and deaf earthed mode. However, the choice of this mode depends on economic feasibility. The paper presents arguments and advantages of application of system with isolated and compensated neutral of networks with voltage classes 6–35 kV. For networks of these voltage classes various options of connecting arc suppression reactors with step and smooth regulation, as well as low and high impedance resistors in the neutral point of neutralizing transformer or zero sequence filter are considered. On the example of operation of electric networks of the Republic of Chuvashia for many decades it is emphasized that compensation of capacitive currents with arc suppression reactors is an effective and reliable way to protect not only substation electrical equipment from overvoltage, but also to ensure electrical safety of people and animals, as well as reinforced concrete towers from destruction. It is noted that the 6–35 kV networks in the future can be made with deaf earthed neutral. However, this will be possible under the condition that self-supporting insulated wires will be installed on overhead transmission lines instead of bare wires, and cross-linked polyethylene cables will be used on cable lines. It is emphasized that the introduction of work under voltage in 6-35 kV networks and digitalization of substations with the widespread introduction of microprocessor technology will accelerate the transition from a system with insulated (or compensated) neutral to a deaf earthed system. Nevertheless, the decision to switch from the insulated neutral system to a deaf earthed system will remain the prerogative of the design organization based on the specifics of the electrical equipment and the sphere of industrial activity.

Cost-Effective Design of IoT-Based Smart Household Distribution System

The Internet of Things (IoT) plays an indispensable role in present-day household electricity management. Nevertheless, practical development of cost-effective intelligent condition monitoring, protection, and control techniques for household distribution systems is still a challenging task. This paper is taking one step forward into a practical implementation of such techniques by developing an IoT Smart Household Distribution Board (ISHDB) to monitor and control various household smart appliances. The main function of the developed ISHDB is collecting and storing voltage, current, and power data and presenting them in a user-friendly way. The performance of the developed system is investigated under various residential electrical loads of different energy consumption profiles. In this regard, an Arduino-based working prototype is employed to gather the collected data into the ThingSpeak cloud through a Wi-Fi medium. Blynk mobile application is also implemented to facilitate real-time monitoring by individual consumers. Microprocessor technology is adopted to automate the process, and reduce hardware size and cost. Experimental results show that the developed system can be used effectively for real-time home energy management. It can also be used to detect any abnormal performance of the electrical appliances in real-time through monitoring their individual current and voltage waveforms. A comparison of the developed system and other existing techniques reveals the superiority of the proposed method in terms of the implementation cost and execution time.

COLLECTOR ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM

One of the main features of the current stage of scientific and technological progress is the wider use of microelectronics in various sectors of the economy, which is constantly growing. The role of microelectronics in the development of social production is determined by its almost unlimited possibilities in solving various problems in all sectors of the economy, its profound impact on the culture and life of modern man. Particular attention is now paid to the introduction of microprocessors that solve the problem of automation of control of mechanisms, devices and equipment. Adapting the microprocessor to the conditions of a particular task is mostly done by developing appropriate software, which is then stored in program memory. Hardware adaptation in most cases is performed by connecting the necessary integrated circuits and I / O that meet the problem to be solved. In the given work the microprocessor system of regulation of turns of the collector motor of a direct current is developed. The microprocessor system is developed on the basis of the KM1816 BE 51 microprocessor using a DAC. The microprocessor program changes the engine speed in the range from 1000 to 3000 rpm. In microprocessor technology there is an independent class of large integrated circuits (BIS) - single-chip microcomputers (OMEOM), which are designed to "intellectualize" devices for various purposes. The architecture of single-chip microcomputers is the result of the evolution of microprocessors and microprocessor systems, due to the desire to significantly reduce their hardware costs and cost. Typically, these goals are achieved both by increasing the integration of the BIS and by finding a compromise between cost, hardware costs and technical characteristics of the OMEOM. Development of control systems on single-chip microcomputers is one of the most promising areas in the field of process automation, control and management.

Study of cyber security of predictive control algorithms for distributed generation plants

The power industry is currently actively developing the field related to the use of distributed generation plants located near the power receiving devices of consumers. At the same time, the introduction of distributed generation plants causes a lot of engineering problems which need solutions. One of them is the optimization of the settings of automatic voltage regulators (AVR) and speed regulators (ASR) of synchronous generators in all possible operating modes. This requires the use of complex models of power supply systems, distributed generation plants and their regulators, as well as labor-intensive calculations that take into account a large number of interrelated parameters. However, there is another approach based on the use of predictive controllers. In this case only one parameter is needed for linear predictive models.The article describes a method for constructing and tuning the proposed predictive ASR synchronous generator, as well as computer models of distributed generation plants used in research. The purpose of the research was to determine cyber security of power supply systems equipped with various distributed generation plants with predictive speed controllers that can be implemented on the basis of the microprocessor technology. The studies were carried out in the MATLAB system using the Simulink and SymPowerSystems simulation packages on computer models of distributed generation plants with one turbine generator operating at a dedicated load, as well as a group of hydrogenerators connected to a high-power electric power system. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed predictive control algorithms, as well as the fact that their cyber security can be increased by introducing hardware restrictions on the range of changes in the time constant of the predictive link.

Diving physiology of marine mammals and birds: the development of biologging techniques

In the 1940s, Scholander and Irving revealed fundamental physiological responses to forced diving of marine mammals and birds, setting the stage for the study of diving physiology. Since then, diving physiology research has moved from the laboratory to the field. Modern biologging, with the development of microprocessor technology, recorder memory capacity and battery life, has advanced and expanded investigations of the diving physiology of marine mammals and birds. This review describes a brief history of the start of field diving physiology investigations, including the invention of the time depth recorder, and then tracks the use of biologging studies in four key diving physiology topics: heart rate, blood flow, body temperature and oxygen store management. Investigations of diving heart rates in cetaceans and O 2 store management in diving emperor penguins are highlighted to emphasize the value of diving physiology biologging research. The review concludes with current challenges, remaining diving physiology questions and what technologies are needed to advance the field. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)’.

Radio and microprocessor technology for ensuring railway transport safety.

The need to minimize losses and accidents is an important factor in sustainable technical development. One of the industries characterized by a high level of danger is rail transport. This problem changes its scale with the increase in the number of vehicles, its traffic intensity and speed. Another special diffi-culty is that significant infrastructural development, which involves the construction of a large number of complex and expensive facilities such as interchanges, overpasses and underpasses, is impossible in today's economic environment. Therefore, there are some promising solutions aimed at developing and implementing a new class of systems that provide a high level of safety and are able to correct negative accident statistics and solve the problem of not harming people's lives on rail transport. The article is devoted to the problem of traffic safety at railway crossings, railway crosswalks and in the work areas of service personnel. An information approach aimed at improving traffic safety and timely informing road users about emergencies and dangerous situations in their area approach is developed in the work. It is offered to solve the mentioned above tasks at the expense of the creation of digital information systems of a new class. The main differences between the created systems are the use of microprocessor systems, wireless communications and energy-saving technologies. The systems themselves must meet modern requirements for reliability, fault tolerance, and dependability. The article describes some basic options for the implementation of control and information systems for railway crossings «Blagovist», railway crosswalks «Blagovist-Р» and for a mobile system for service personnel working on the tracks «Blago-vist-SP». The systems have technologies for autonomous operation and wireless transmission of infor-mation.

Justification of the algorithm of personnel selection for the maintenance of automated technological processes in agricultural production

The current stage of strengthening and development of market relations is characterized by increased competition in all spheres of the economy, including agriculture. To strengthen competitive positions, agricultural producers use high-tech equipment complete with elements of automation and microprocessor technology. Only highly qualified specialists with knowledge in the field of both information technology and agriculture can maintain such equipment and manage its operation. The article presents the justification for the structure and content of the algorithm for performing the professional selection of candidates for specialists in the maintenance of high-tech equipment containing elements and mechanisms of microprocessor technology. A description of a specialized digital platform is given that allows for a formalized assessment of the candidate’s compliance with the requirements for a number of characteristics: qualification coefficient, time spent on managing changes in the system, and response time of the specialist to the tasks set. It is noted that according to the results of the presented development, a certificate of state registration of the computer program was obtained.