Mean and True Positions of Planets as Described in Gaṇitagannaḍi

The unpublished seventeenth-century Kannaḍa-language mathematical work Gaṇitagannaḍi is transmitted in a single palm-leaf manuscript. It was composed by Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa Jōisaru of Śṛṅgeri and is a karaṇa text cast as a commentary on the Vārṣikatantrasaṅgraha by Viddaṇācārya. Gaṇitagannaḍi's unique procedures for calculations wer introduced in an earlier paper in volume 8 (2020) of this journal. In the present paper the procedures for calculations of the mean and true positions of planets are described.

Robust Perceptual Wavelet Packet Features for Recognition of Continuous Kannada Speech

An ASR system is built for the Continuous Kannada Speech Recognition. The acoustic and language models are created with the help of the Kaldi toolkit. The speech database is created with the native male and female Kannada speakers. The 75% of collected speech data is used for training the acoustic models and 25% of speech database is used for the system testing. The Performance of the system is presented interms of Word Error Rate (WER). Wavelet Packet Decomposition along with Mel filter bank is used to achieve feature extraction. The proposed feature extraction performs slightly better than the conventional features such as MFCC, PLP interms of WRA and WER under uncontrolled conditions. For the speech corpus collected in Kannada Language, the proposed features shows an improvement in WRA of 1.79% over baseline features.

Time-Frequency Analysis of Kannada Phonetics

This paper presents phonetics of Kannada language and their classification based on time-frequency analysis. Each distinct sound of speech called phoneme is produced by changing the shape of the vocal tract tube. The resonances of the vocal tract tube called formant frequencies are responsible for producing different phonemes. It is observed that vowels (Swaragalu in Kannada) have clear formant structure and they are about 3 to 5 formant frequencies of significance below 5000 Hz. They are characterized by having high energy, maximum airflow and periodicity and are classified based on the location of formant frequencies. Consonants (Vyanjanagalu in Kannada) are classified based on voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation. Time-frequency analysis reveals that there are totally 37 distinct phonemes in Kannada language.

Edge Enhancement Method for Detection of Text From Handwritten Documents

Edge detection from handwritten text documents, particularly of Kannada language, is a challenging task. Kannada has a huge character set, amounting to 17,340 character combinations. Moreover, in handwritten Kannada, the character strokes are highly variable in size and shape due to varying handwriting styles. This chapter presents a solution for edge detection of Kannada handwritten documents. Sobel edge detection method, which efficiently enhances the image contrast and detects the character edges, is proposed. Experimentation of this edge detection approach yielded high F-measure and global contrast factor values.

Translation and Validation of Patient Activation Measure (PAM®-13) in Kannada Language

BACKGROUND In a country like India with a large population, with diverse culture, socioeconomic status and educational levels, there is a need to translate a Patient Activation Scale Measure (PAM®13) into a regional language which will reduce the language barrier, increases the understanding of patient’s disease condition, and improves their self-management skills. Hence, a reliable and validated instrument ‘Patient Activation Measure (PAM®13)’ is used for evaluating patient’s awareness, skills, and trust in self-management of disease. We wanted to translate and validate the PAM®-13 questionnaire in Kannada language and assess activation levels in diabetes mellitus patients. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis done among 200 adults with diabetes mellitus who speak Kannada. Patients of diabetes mellitus, aged 18 - 85 years from both sexes were included in the study. The PAM®-13 – was translated as recommended by World Health Organisation’s procedure for cross-cultural validation and adaptation of selfreport measures. This involved forward translation, synthesis, backward translation, pre-testing and the final version which was performed by the professionals of Kannada and English language. Data was analysed using SPSS ver. 24.0 for mean, median, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation and Spearman’s correlation. Stata 14 was used to analyse internal consistency using Cronbach’s Alpha, inter-item, inter-rest, inter-test correlation. RESULTS We found that the mean of the Kannada version of the PAM®-13 was 55.68. The level of internal consistency was good (α=0.8357). CONCLUSIONS PAM® -13 in Kannada language has been demonstrated to be a valid and reliable measure of patient activation in the diabetic population and the present study suggests good psychometric properties. KEY WORDS Patient Activation, Self-Management, Diabetes, Chronic Illness, Chronic Disease, PAM®13, Psychometric Properties

Rectifying Incorrectly Part of Speech-Tagged Polysemy Words in Kannada Language for Machine Translation

Polysemy words refer to the same word, but have different context, when used in a single sentence, resulting in variant Part of Speech (POS). Occurrence of these Polysemy words, more than once, in a Kannada sentences, leads to ambiguity and is often cumbersome to translate it to English, due to incorrect interpretation of the sentence. The algorithm proposed is, concentrated on a few examples, which can identify the wrong POS-tagged word in a sentence. The POS tagged sentence is obtained as an input through Shallow parser, and then, by owing to the structure of Kannada language, the algorithm identifies the incorrectly tagged word.