On the Integrated Descriptions of Metaphorical Sememes of Verbs

Cognitive metaphor is an important way and mechanism of semantic derivation of verbs, the resulting large number of verbal metaphorical sememes has different expressions in their semantic features, formal syntax, communicative structure and even modality and pragmatics. This paper thoroughly and carefully discusses the problem of semantic change of verbal metaphor in terms of the integrated description method of the Moscow Semantic School. Thus, we will create a unique and innovative framework and theoretical model of generalized formal feature analysis, we will also try to introduce formal semantic description and micro-level semantic interpretation into the analysis system of semantic change of the verbal metaphor. Furthermore, we will describe in detail and characterize a number of changes caused by metaphorical semantic change of Russian verbs from the perspective of multi-dimensional integration. This study breaks down the barriers between semantics, cognition, pragmatics and grammar and the traditional analysis pattern of semantic derivation which contributes to significant broadening of the theoretical semantic vision and deepening of the research of cognitive semantics problems of verbal metaphor. It also helps explore innovative analytical methods and strategies for the study of Russian lexical and syntactic semantics.

ANALISIS KEAKURATAN HASIL PENERJEMAHAN GOOGLE TRANSLATE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE BACK TRANSLATION

This research analyses comparison between the original Arabic text and the translation back to Arabic by Google Translate on Arabic newspapers. To achieve test the accuracy of text according to translated theory. Then researchers use qualitative descriptive method of research with translation method back translations that is, a validation tool that is widely used in international research settings and original documents compared to translation results Back to see the inconsistencies, and if nothing of the translation is considered equivalent. Based on the results of the study the accuracy results of Google Translate is inaccurate, but understanding of the meaning text still understandable. As for inaccuracies of translations found such as linguistic studies such as syntactic, semantics, mistakes in writing numbers, lack of words, reduction.

Communication, Information, and Pragmatics

In this chapter, the authors first examine the meaning and significance of information, which will entail a critique of Shannon information theory. They show it is really a theory of the transmission of signals. They describe how MacKay and Bateson adds the element of meaning to the definition of information. They then examine the proposition of Kauffman et al. that organization is a form of information. Assuming that it is not possible not to communicate, the authors emphasize the pragmatic dimension of communication. They argue that information, communication, and social interaction are inseparable elements of production of meaning. Thus, as in any communication there are three simultaneous dimensions operating as a system—syntactic, semantics, and pragmatics—and it is also the case that information, communication, and social interaction are operating as a system.

Syntactic Semantics and the Proper Treatment of Computationalism

Computationalism should not be the view that (human) cognition is computation; it should be the view that cognition (simpliciter) is computable. It follows that computationalism can be true even if (human) cognition is not the result of computations in the brain. If semiotic systems are systems that interpret signs, then both humans and computers are semiotic systems. Finally, minds can be considered as virtual machines implemented in certain semiotic systems, primarily the brain, but also AI computers.