On a general bilinear functional equation

Let X, Y be linear spaces over a field $${\mathbb {K}}$$ K . Assume that $$f :X^2\rightarrow Y$$ f : X 2 → Y satisfies the general linear equation with respect to the first and with respect to the second variables, that is, for all $$x,x_i,y,y_i \in X$$ x , x i , y , y i ∈ X and with $$a_i,\,b_i \in {\mathbb {K}}{\setminus } \{0\}$$ a i , b i ∈ K \ { 0 } , $$A_i,\,B_i \in {\mathbb {K}}$$ A i , B i ∈ K ($$i \in \{1,2\}$$ i ∈ { 1 , 2 } ). It is easy to see that such a function satisfies the functional equation for all $$x_i,y_i \in X$$ x i , y i ∈ X ($$i \in \{1,2\}$$ i ∈ { 1 , 2 } ), where $$C_1:=A_1B_1$$ C 1 : = A 1 B 1 , $$C_2:=A_1B_2$$ C 2 : = A 1 B 2 , $$C_3:=A_2B_1$$ C 3 : = A 2 B 1 , $$C_4:=A_2B_2$$ C 4 : = A 2 B 2 . We describe the form of solutions and study relations between $$(*)$$ ( ∗ ) and $$(**)$$ ( ∗ ∗ ) .

On Stability of a General Bilinear Functional Equation

We prove the Hyers–Ulam stability of the functional equation $$\begin{aligned}&f(a_1x_1+a_2x_2,b_1y_1+b_2y_2)=C_{1}f(x_1,y_1)\nonumber \\ \nonumber \\&\quad +C_{2}f(x_1,y_2)+C_{3}f(x_2,y_1)+C_{4}f(x_2,y_2) \end{aligned}$$ f ( a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 , b 1 y 1 + b 2 y 2 ) = C 1 f ( x 1 , y 1 ) + C 2 f ( x 1 , y 2 ) + C 3 f ( x 2 , y 1 ) + C 4 f ( x 2 , y 2 ) in the class of functions from a real or complex linear space into a Banach space over the same field. We also study, using the fixed point method, the generalized stability of $$(*)$$ ( ∗ ) in the same class of functions. Our results generalize some known outcomes.

Drude Weight for the Lieb-Liniger Bose Gas

Based on the method of hydrodynamic projections we derive a concise formula for the Drude weight of the repulsive Lieb-Liniger \deltaδ-Bose gas. Our formula contains only quantities which are obtainable from the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. The Drude weight is an infinite-dimensional matrix, or bilinear functional: it is bilinear in the currents, and each current may refer to a general linear combination of the conserved charges of the model. As a by-product we obtain the dynamical two-point correlation functions involving charge and current densities at small wavelengths and long times, and in addition the scaled covariance matrix of charge transfer. We expect that our formulas extend to other integrable quantum models.

A conditional Lipschitz stability for determining a space-dependent source coefficient in the 2D/3D advection-dispersion equation

This paper deals with an inverse problem of determining a space-dependent source coefficient in the 2D/3D advection-dispersion equation with final observations using the variational adjoint method. Data compatibility for the inverse problem is analyzed by which an admissible set for the unknowns is induced. With the aid of an adjoint problem, a bilinear functional based on the variational identity is set forth with which a norm for the unknown is well-defined under suitable conditions, and then a conditional Lipschitz stability for the inverse problem is established. Furthermore, numerical inversions with random noisy data are performed using the optimal perturbation algorithm, and the inversion solutions give good approximations to the exact solution as the noise level goes to small.

Fusion Rules for Quantum Transfer Matrices as a Dynamical System on Grassmann Manifolds

We show that the set of transfer matrices of an arbitrary fusion type for an integrable quantum model obeys these bilinear functional relations, which are identified with an integrable dynamical system on a Grassmann manifold (higher Hirota equation). The bilinear relations were previously known for a particular class of transfer matrices corresponding to rectangular Young diagrams. We extend this result for general Young diagrams. A general solution of the bilinear equations is presented.