Philosophical and Historical Perspective of the Development of Electoral Technologies

The main purpose of the article is to characterise the philosophical and historical perspective of the de- velopment of electoral technologies. The methodological basis of the research is conditioned by the pecu- liarities of the research subject, its interdisciplinary nature and expediency of a combination of sociologi- cal, historical-philosophical, political science and other approaches. Philosophical and historical analysis showed that electoral technologies should be understood as a kind of political communication used to ma- nipulate public opinion. In turn, this makes it possible for politicians to have a monopoly on the manage- ment of the electorate in order to obtain its support in the elections. Considering electoral technologies, we must consider their connection and combination with the totality of electoral technologies. That is, it should be noted that the actual electoral process involves the passage of two mega stages: 1) the preparato- ry (pre-election) stage, at which pre-election technologies are applied, and 2) the official election cam- paign itself (purely electoral stage), in the process of which the actual electoral technologies are used.

Theoretical approaches to the regulatory costs formation on the plant cultivars qualification expert assessment

The economic categories and those of the financial and economic account: expenses, rationing, standard allowances, regulatory costs, general production and running costs have been established in order to determine the peculiarities of the monetary costs formation for the plant cultivars scientific and technical expert assessment. The regulatory costs for the expert assessment are determined annually as follows: the cvs favorability for spread, difference, homogeneity, stabil-ity, research of the varieties collection, post registration study, the cultivars certification investigation. The calculation of the regulatory costs are carried out in accordance with the classical scheme taking into account corresponding pecu-liarities as follows; salaries, deduction for the social measures, mineral fertilizers, plant protection means, fuels and lub-ricants, electrical energy, other expenses, the fundamental means restoration. The full cost also includes general produc-tion and running costs. The regulatory level has been established for both the general production costs from the total costs (5 %) and general running ones (10 %). The by-product costs when calculating the production costs are deducted from their total costs. The varieties testing is connected with the expert assessment risks. As a result, the unforeseen costs appear with the pur-pose that the field expert assessment can be guaranteed. The estimation of the actual costs structure which take place really in the process of the expert assessment has shown that the unforeseen costs are 10% of their total cost. In agricul-tural enterprises contrary to the expert assessment institutions instead of the unforeseen costs direct expenses include insurance payment. Taking into consideration the ratio between the overhead and direct manufacturing costs established in the expert assessment institutions when calculating the share of the overhead costs is considered to be 3.5% in the to-tal costs volume.