Methods of the sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) plants evaluations concerning the pathogens resistance in the breeding on the adaptability

The methods of the common sea buckthorn plants evaluation concerning their to diseases causative agents resistance in the agrocoenoses of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and its network were elaborated on the basis of generalizing the phytopathological researches methodology as well as those methods importance in the breeding on the adaptability substantiated. The bioecological peculiarities and morphological symptoms of the pathogens appearance, namely: Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, Verticillium dahliae Klebahn, Fusarium camptoceras, Wollenw. & Reinking, Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo, Fusarium acuminatum, Wollenw., Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendal та F. sporotrichioides Sherb., Monilia altaica А. Zukov., Stigmina hippophaes А. Zukov, Monochaetia ampelophila Auktorsnamn (Speg.), T.R. Nag Raj, Fomitiporia hippophaeicola (H. Jahn) Fiasson & Niemelä, Phoma elaeagnella Cooke, Coryneum elaeagni, Sphaeropsis malorum М.J. Berkeley, Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) E.M. Fries, Coniothecium epidermidis Corda, Alternaria tenuis Nees, Cytospora hippophaes Thüm. and others were described and the measures of their control considered as well as the ways assessing the investigated crop plants resistance against the diseases caused by the above mentioned causative agents. Besides, the methods were developed of the explored crop plants estimating as regards the basic fungal diseases resistance as well as the effective ways of the control of the main pathogens of the bacterial and fungal diseases. The evaluation of the plant damage by pathogens must be carried out in the orchards of different age. For example, the degree of the Hippophae rhamnoides L. resistance to fusarium wilt in the orchards needs be assessed within 5-6 years after planting. In the common sea buckthorn mother gardens on the older branches, it is necessary to control the causative agent Fomitiporia hippophaeicola. Its spread occurs in case of the branches injury when a plant management or harvesting or under the influence of the unfavourable abiotic factors. The studied crop phomosis seedlings is caused by the fungus Phoma elaeagnella, the display manifestation of which is also observed on the woody or soft cuttings in the nursery or film covers. Root necrosis brought by the fungus Coryneum elaeagni can be often fixed on the planting stock in the plants root. Alternaria the of plants Hippophae rhamnoides L., the causative agent of which is an tinber fungus Alternaria tenuis can be indicated by the drying in the branches of the lower story. When young twigs are affected by the fungus Plowrightia hippophaes (Dothidea hippophaes Fuckel, 1868), the causative agent of the ulcerative necrosis of the bark are numerous necrotic areas that cause rapid plant death. The infection stays in the affected plants wood, so it must be disposed from the plants. The researcher crop plants affected by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. hippophaeis decelerate the growth processes. In the breeding process attention should be paid to other causative agents of the studied crop, in particular, the species Phomopsis elaeagnicola, which causes the disease phomopsis, blight, that is "dead hand". Cytospora hippophaes, which is the sea buckthorn cytosporosis pathogen, has a significant parasitic effect, colonizing both living and dead branches that are not resistant to changing winter conditions, as well as early spring frosts when the appropriate agrotechnics is absent. The uncontrolled development of the hyphal fungus Coniothecium epidermidis brings about the fruitful branches drying, the fruit skin covering spherically with a black dense powdery layer. Besides, with the absence of the appropriate control the soil parasitic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium mycoparasiticum, Phytophthora irrigata cause the significant plants losses (up to 30 %). Therefore, in the Hippophae rhamnoides L. breeding on adaptability use the quality planting stock should be pruning, collection and burning of all the affected dry branches, must be carried out as well as the disinfection of cuts and mechanical damage with the 1 % solution of the copper sulfate and puttying them with the oil paint. It should be noted that the alternative to chemicals in the phytopathogenic bacteria control can be biological means on the basis of antagonistical bacteria, including the genera Bacillus and Streptomyces. One of the priority strategies for the fungal and bacterial diseases control is growing resistant cultivars.

Perspectives of the advanced functional using of some ornamental bushy crops

The authors present the results of the collection’s formation of some ornamental shrubs, long-term phenological observations of them and the selection of the best forms and breeding hybrids in the Left-Bank Lisosteppe of Ukraine. In particular, the characteristic of the vegetation of 20 varieties of common lilac collection is given. The estimation of the terms and duration of the crop flowering enable to divide its varieties into groups of early, average and late flowering. The high decorative value of most of the strains has been described as well as their resistance to low temperatures and pests. The additional analysis of the latest literature data has shown the significant yield of aromatic substances in the common lilac plant, with the predominance of alkanes and lilac alcohol. The results have been presented of 70 rose cultivars of adaptation to the growing zone conditions. There are 20 promise varieties of the crop, which are characterized by high decorative value, resistance to pathogens and low temperatures and duration of flowering. The characteristics of the new variety of roses of the floribunda group – Olexandra has been given created by the authors. Along side with the high decorative value, different types of the rose plant provide the significant yield of aromatic substances with the domination of alkanes, monoterpenes and 2-phenylethanol. The analysis of the literature data also has shown the presence of aromatic substances in the jasmine and mock-orange plants. The first is characterized with esters based on benzene, cis-jasmon and isophytol, the second – with some sesquiterpenes and epi-13-manol. The further research included the phenological evaluation of the of white cedar and juniper collection. The best selected forms were characterized with decorativeness, resistance to frost, pests and pathogens. The literature data have shown, that the aromatic complex of the crops cultures includes mainly monoterpenes and their derivatives – alcohols and ketones. As a result, it was concluded that it is necessary to expand research with ornamental bushy crops in the direction of evaluating of their aromatic properties.

Results of studying the influence of the treatment with the chemical mutagens on the Сallistephus chinensis (L.) Nees plants

The authors present the influence of the treatment with the chemical mutagens on the Callistephus chinensis plants which was researched in 1998-2001. The samples originated by the studied cultivars open pollination were selected in the Experimental Farm “Novosilky” of the Institute of Horticulture of NAAS in 2002-2020. They are registered in the “data base” and included into the list of cvs of the collection of the seeds characteristics complex (Certificate of the registration of the collection of the plants genetic fund in Ukraine № 00230, November 1, 2016). The collection is registered in the National Centre of the Genetic Resources of the Plants of Ukraine and the seeds were transferred to the National Genetic Bank of the Plants of Ukraine for the long-term storage and for the use in the breeding work as new primary material. The plants of the five investigated varieties (Rubinovyie Zviozdy UT2300066), Oksana (UT2300046), Nizhnist (UT2300042), Yabluneva (UT2300081) and Prazdnichnaia (UT2300056) were treated with five physiologically active substances (DG-75, DG-72, DG-82, DG-468 and DG-608) in two concentrations during the mass flowering period. The results of the explorations showed the direct dependence of a bush diameter on its colouration. In the genotypes with the bright-red colour most of the families with diameter less than 30 cm were removed in all the generations. This also concerns the genotypes with the blue flower cluster colouration that were removed in the third generation. At the same time in the families with the wine-coloured flower clusters the plans with the bush diametr more than 30 cm prevail beginning from the second generation up the fifth one. According to the results of the researches all the studied genotypes can be combined into three groups concerning their response to the treatment by the mutagenes – sensitive (17.9 %), of the average sensitivity (62.5 %) and resistant (19.6 %). The striking exmples of the sensitive genotypes are the offsprings of the sample Rubinovyie Zviozdy which under the mutagens influence were characterized with the great variability as to several traits valuable for economy simultaneously. It is from this sample mother plant that the cultivars were selected as follows: Shokoladka (wine – coloured flower cluster), Oksamyt (dark-wine – coloured), and Sofia (dark-violet) which later on were entered into the State Register of the Plaint Cultivars Favourable for the Spread in Ukraine. In its turn, among those cvs the promise Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees hybrid forms were selected, namely: C-125, C-116, C-233 and C-198-2 which have a complex of traits valuable for economy, including ornamentality (9.5-9.9 points), flower cluster diameter (10-14 cm) and Fusarium oxysporum resistance (8.8-9.0 points).

Using the fruits of the guelder-rose ordinary (Viburnum opulus L.) new genetic types in the creation of the functional assignment drinks

The strategy of growing fruit crops in our country requires a revision of the food market business environment formation from the iewpoint of the population providing with biologically valuable food products and raw material for the processing and food industries, not only the gross production of separate export attractive types of fruit and small fruit products. In order to solve this proble, a special attention must be paid to the cultivation of minor fruit and small fruit crops which ensure, first of all, obtainning biologically valuable raw material as the source of making the functional assignment products. Talking into consideration all the above mentioned, the studies of the fruits of the new Viburnum opulus L. forms and cultivars were carried out in 2018-2020 at the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine concerning the biochemical indicators, suitability for processing and production of inland wines and juices for the functional assignment. It should be noted that contrary to wild forms, the new selectional forms (F 329-10-17, F 360-5-17) and varietie Uliana have a more harmonious taste and reduced bitterness, so their fruits can be eaten both as fresh, and in a processed form. The infusion of crushed mass from the fruits of Ulyana for 40 hours, followed by squeezing and adding the second fraction, infused with the apple juice in a ratio of 1:2 at a temperature of 80 ºC, with the further squeezing and gradual addition of sugar appeared cause the growth of the phenolic compounds amount to 2800 mg/dm3 and of acidity to some extent the point value being high (8.0 points). In order to balance the alcohol content and acidity of wine materials and increase their tasting evaluation, it is advisable to use gradually honey instead of sugar. That will raise the tasting evaluation to 8+ points. The infusion of crushed mass from the berries of the selectional forms F 329-10-17 and 360-6-17 for 40 hours the with further squeezing and adding the second fraction, infused with the apple juice in a ratio of 1:2 at a temperature of 80 ºC followed by squeezing and gradual addition of honey proved to bring about the formation of the satisfactory physical and technological parameters, namely: ruby-bright colour, typical rich aroma and pure pleasant and asringent taste. The obtained results made it possible to differentiate the varieties and forms as for the indices of the aroma-formational complex of soft drinks and the of their fruits favourability for processing and making functional food products. Among these genotypes, the variety Uliana and forms, F 329-10-17 and F 360-5-17 were selected that became the prerequisite for the development and improvement of the methods of producting of functional assignment drinks.

Economic evaluation of growing new blackberry (Rubus caesius L.) cultivars under the conditions of the Western Lisosteppe of Ukraine

The authors present the results of evaluating the economic efficiency of growing blackberry cultivars of different ripening terms in the plantation of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (NAAS) of Ukraine. The capital investments on the creation and management of 1 ha of the plantation were 517.3 thousand ₴ (under the planting plan 1.25 х 3.00 m), the trellis putting and laying being about 50 % of the mentioned sum. The productional costs on the fruit-bearing plantation management depended on the cv yield, expenditures for salaries and wages, fertilizing, protective means, fuel and lubricant use, plants covering for winter, the agricultural technics amortization etc. and were within 144.1-283.0 thousand ₴. The wholesale price of the early ripening varieties products was 80.0 ₴/kg. Thus the receipts of the realized products were within considerable limits. Cvs Thornfree, Asterina, Čačanska Bestrna and Chester were characterized with the lowest cost per 1 t of the products (22.61; 23.10; 23.43 and 24.97 thousand ₴ respectively while Nasoloda and Karaka Black with the highest one (38.98 and 37.85 thousand ₴ respectively). The profit per 1 ha of inland variety Nasoloda plantations was the lowest one among the presented cultivars, (42.74 thousand ₴) whereas the early ripening cvs Loch Tay and Brzezina ensured 380.79 and 335.18 thousand ₴ respectively. The same cvs distinguis hed themselves for the highest profitableness level (185.2 and 172.4 % respectively as well as for the shortest rates of the capital investments return recovery – 3.4 and 3.5 years respectively. The profitableness of cv Karaka Black was 111.3 % with the rate of return cost recovery 5.0 years because of the lower yield. This was economically favourable too though. The average and late ripening cultivars which formed the yield of 7.0-8.0 t/ha had the rate of the investment return 4.0-5.0 years. It should be noted that it was cv Thornfree that distinguishhed itself for the highest profitableness (121.1 %) among late ripening cvs with the rates of capital investments on the plantation establishment return 3.4 years.

Lawful regulation of the nursery branch in Ukraine

The authors have analyzed the role of the nursery practice in the agricultural economics of Ukraine. The specificity of the technologies, organizational structures has been described as well as the material means of the production of the planting stock of the fruit and small fruit crops and grape. The comprehensive enumeration of the legislative acts and normative and lawful documents has been presented with which the state regulates the economic and organizational and lawful relations in the above mentioned industries. The latest three years data have been presented concerning the state financial support of the economic agents that establish young orchards, vineyards and hop gardens. The purpose and state have been noted of building the scientific-manufacturer biotechnological hothouse complex for the production of the high quality basic material on the basis of the principal scientific institution of the horticultural branch - Institute of Horticulture of NAAS of Ukraine. The calculations have been presented contained in the Programmer of the Development of the Horticulture of Ukraine up to 2025 as regards the necessity of planting new orchards end small fruit plantations in order to meet the needs of the population and processing enterprises and increase the vitamin product’s export. The analysis was corried out of the indices of the energy expenditures on the establishment of a hectare of a grape plantation. The methods of the perennial crops growing reproduction have been depicted. The necessity of the transfer of the nursery, farms on the virus-free standard planting stock adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the concrete region has been substantiated of as well as of the establishment of new parental plantation of fruit and small fruit crops and grape, creation of parental-seed and parental-cutting gardens, of parental gardens of the grapevine rootstocks and graft sticks and nurseries for manufacturing of the necessary amount of the planting stock of the modern crop and varietal composition in Ukraine. The analysis has been conducted of the changes in the legislature of Ukraine which could be useful for seed growing. The problems of the nursery sector have been determined that require solving yet at the legislative level. The concrete propositions must be presented in the form of the recurrent changes in the law of Ukraine ‘On Seeds and Planting Stock’.

History and present time of the L.P. Symyrenko Research Station of Pomology of the Institute of Horticulture, NAAS of Ukraine

The paper is devoted to the centenary of the L.P. Symyrenko Research Station of Pomology foundation. The authors have depicted the main stages of the institution formation and development and elucidated its principal scientific achievements. The history of the station began with the creation of the greatest in Russian Empire nursery farm by the outstanding Ukrainian pomologist Levko Platonovych Symyrenko near Mliiv (the now Cherkasy region). As early as in 1912 the cultivars of different plants numbered almost to 3 thousand here. On November 25, 1920 according to the decision of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the Ukrainian SSR the Mliiv Horticultural and Truck Gardening Research Station was created on the basis of the above mentioned nursery. Its first director was L.P. Symyrenko’s son Volodymyr Levkovych, who embodied the creative ideas of the great-grandfather, grandfather and father, realized the cause of several generations of the Symyrenkos. He was a real founder of the Ukrainian horticulture, namely: created and developed all the attributes of Ukrainian pomology, systems of research institutions and state nurseries and the State "Pomological Book". V.L. Symyrenko, professors L.M. Ro and V.P. Popov, research worker M.A. Grossheim and others were major organizers of the station. With their direct participation the departments of horticulture, vegetable growing, entomology, agricultural meteorology, phytopathology, technical processing of fruits and small fruits, agrochemistry ets. were founded and functioned by 1927 already. In 1958 the station was named after L.P. Symyrenko. In the April of 1989 on the initiative of its then director M.M. Artemenko and with the support of the scientific collective it was reorganized as the Mliiv L.P. Symyrenko Research Institute of Horticulture of the Lisosteppe of Ukraine, in 1992 in accordance with tho order of the Presidium of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences (UAAS) renamed as Mliiv L.P. Symyrenko Institute of Horticulture of UAAS and in 2006 as L.P. Symyrenko Institute of Pomology of UAAS. In 2017 it was reorganized as the L.P. Symyrenko Research Station of Pomology of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (NAAS). Today, it is one of the leading scientific institutions of the NAAS system in the horticultural branch. The scientific and research works are carried out in conformity with the four scientific and technical programmes of NAAS: “Genetical Resources of Plants”, “Horticulture and Small-Fruit Growing”, “Plant Protection” and “Agrarian Economics”. The main direction of the institution research activity is the elaboration of the scientific basis of the preservation and spread of the genetic versatility of the fruit, small fruit, nuciferous and minor crops. At present more than 3,000 varieties of fruit, small fruit, nuciferous and ornamental crops are studied in the collectional plantations. That is the valuable genetic fund of Ukraine. Today 72 varieties bred by the Mliiv Research Station have been entered into the State Register of the Plant Cultivars Favourable for the Spread in Ukraine.

The newest achievements of the Coordination and Methodological Centre (CMC) "Horticulture" as the realization of the ideas of Volodymyr Symyrenko in the modern conditions

The paper is dedicated to the 130th anniversary of the birth of Volodymyr Levkovych Symyrenko. The authors have elucidated the main directions of the research work on the fruit and small fruit growing in the country and the newest achievements of the Coordination and Methodological Centre (CMC) "Horticulture" in the scientific support of horticulture in Ukraine, as the realization, deepening and enrichment of the great scientist`s ideas. The Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (IH NAAS) of Ukraine has developed methods that provide the systematic approach to the organization of scientific researches. A number of methodological tasks have been formulated and are used, the implementation of which enable to increase significantly the effectiveness and scientific and practical value of the developments in the branch of horticulture. The directive of V. Symyrenko concerning the necessity of breeding at the genetic level has been translated in reality. When elaborating zonal ecologically safe technologies of growing, storage and processing of competitive products of fruit and small fruit products in the institutions of CMC "Horticulture" comprehensive research are carried out, thanks to which the Centre scientists managed to develop modern high-efficient technologies for the main horticultural zones of our country. Scientific and practical recommendations on the use of promise ornamental plants forms and cultivars in the landscape and shade gardening have been developed under the subprogram "Ornamental horticulture". Winterhardiness of 70 roses has been estimated, the valuation of perspective hybrid forms continued. The reproduction regime for the Lavandula angustifolia promise have been optimized, the comprehensive assessment of 40 ornamental forms of the coniferous ornamental crops has been conducted, effective stimulants and reproduction regimes selected for 10 of them. The database of the ornamental crops producers has been created their major sales canals have been analyzed as well as the principal market functioning elements. The Recommendations for optimizing the inland ornamental crops market until 2030 have been developed as well as its development strategy.

Pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars self-fertility

The author presents the results of determining the self-fertility degree of forty pear cultivars, including the varieties and elite forms bred in Melitopol and those introduced, when pollinating with own pollen. That simulates the conditions of pollination in single-variety orchards. The analysis of the data obtained when studying while infructescense, showed that the varieties Forel zymova, Devo, Triumf Pakgama, Melitopolska 4103, Levavasser, Serpneva, Kiure, Kook Starking, Vesta, Yuzhanka turned out to be self-fertile ones. Four autogamous varieties, namely: Melitopolska 4103, Cook Starking, Devo and Triumph Pakgama appeared to possess the highest percentage of the actual fruit-setting, while the two latest ones – even high homeostatic coefficient concerning the relative fruits mass per 100 pollinated flowers. ‘Vesilna’, ‘Pryiemna’, ‘Doctor Til’, Kirgizskaia zimniaia’ proved to be self-sterile varieties.

Weather conditions monitoring and cherry (Cerasus vulgaris L.) elite forms productivity in the Ukraine’s Western Lisosteppe

Cherry is rather sensitive to the temperature and water regime violation that reflects itself primarily on the fruits quantity and quality. The weather conditions in the Right Bank subzone of the Ukraine’s Western Lisosteppe are characterized with the general air temperature increase, less expressed frosty periods during hibernation, shortening of the winter and spring seasons, greater summer duration. The enumerated conditions result in the early exit of the plants from the dormancy state with the considerable loss of the abilities of the acclimation to potential frosts in the springtime period. Due to this the decision was taken to carry out the monitoring researches of the winter and spring periods of 2018-2020 in order to obtain the operative information about the cherry orchards state. This enables to predict the potential of the investigated plants business productivity in the real time. As a result of analyzing the abiotic stress-factors influence on the crop the following unfavourable factors were noted, above all: heavy winds at the beginning and during the mass flowering, violation of the water and temperature regime in the impregnation and infructescense periods. Those factors cause the harvest decrease. However, the formation of the plants high productivity depends in full on their adaptivity to the environmental conditions. Therefore among the 7 explored hybrids the generative buds of 1/20, 1/21 and 2/60 were affected essentially in the form of the little drying of the pistils stigmas, decrease of the pollen qualitative indices and fertility. That indicates the lower trees adaptivity to the abiotic stress-factors as compared to the control cultivar Podbielska. The forms 2/39 and 2/54 distinguish themselves for the high winter-hardiness. This is connected with the high environment adaptivity and characterizes them as early-ripening large-fruited and productive hybrids.