Fungsi Modal Sosial Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Ekonomi

Production is a process and the provision of goods and services in accordance with the wishes, Needs and benefits for the community. In general, production has factors namely capital, labor, land and organization. The production proces plays a role a a determinant of the level of human welfare. In this study, focuses on roof tile production in Karang Penang Sampang. Tile is an object made of soil that serves as the roof of the house to protect it from the sun and rain. Basically, sosial capital is an interaction that has norms, network and trust between individuals and other individuals or groups. Sosial capital is also related to the marketing process, because in marketing there i social interaction in various ways online (sosial media) and offline (face to face). Socio-economics is also explained by an economic thinker, namely Imam Al-Ghazali which started from a concept of Islamic welfare function. Welfare (maslahah) has a purpose for the good of the world and the hereafter.Imam Al-Ghazali main idea is a common welfare stated in the maqasid sharia. The approach used is a case study namely research that explores a phenomenon in time and individual or group activities, and collect detailed information using various data collection procedures. This case study is very relevent to the function of social capital for producing roof tiles and empowering technology as a modern tool to market roof tile in Karang Penang Sampang.

Value chain of sweet potato: a sociological analysis

This study analyzes the existing value chain of sweet potatoes in the Partido District of Camarines Sur, the Philippines. A combination of surveys and participant observation was utilized in the study. Four sociological perspectives were used in the interpretation and analysis of the data, such as new economic sociology, symbolic interactionism, role theory, and exchange network theory. Six components of the value chain were evaluated, such as (a) agents, roles, and links; (b) inputs, outputs and activities that generate transformation; (c) value addition and value allocation; (d) final products or a group of final products; (e) power relations and governance mechanisms; and (f) problems and opportunities shared by all agents. The study found four major links involving five actors – farmers/producers, middlemen or wholesalers, retailers, processors, and end consumers. Analysis of the sweet potato value chain shows that sweet potato production has great potential to improve the well-being of participants. Sweet potato production gave farmers an 81% net profit margin and contributed to 39% of their livelihood. However, there remain general production and utilization challenges and post-harvest and by-product processing issues. The study established the significance of embeddedness and the wider social structure for the sweet potato agribusiness and provided policy inputs for the development of the sweet potato value chain in the district.

Analysis of make-to-stock queues with general processing times and start-up and lost sales costs

We consider a make-to-stock environment with a single production unit that corresponds to a single machine or a line. Production and hence inventory are controlled by the two-critical-number policy. Production times are independent and identically distributed general random variables and demands are generated according to a stationary Poisson process. We model this production-inventory system as an M/G/1 make-to-stock queue. The main contribution of the study is to extend the control of make-to-stock literature by considering general production times, lost sales and fixed production costs at the same time. We characterize the long-run behaviour of the system and also propose a simple but very effective approximation to calculate the control parameters of the two-critical-number policy. An extensive numerical study exhibits the effects of the production time distribution and the system parameters on the policy control levels and average system cost.

Concept for the Urban Production of Pharmaceuticals to Compensate for Local Shortages

Long and complex supply chains are one of the main reasons for drug shortages. The COVID-19 pandemic and abrupt global lockdown have highlighted how precarious the global pharmaceutical market is. This paper presents a concept for pharmaceutical production in greenfield, urban and local areas as a way to mitigate drug shortages around the world. This approach represents a paradigm shift because the production of medicine tablets still happens mostly at big brownfield sites. The concept is based on the VDI 5200 guidelines and procedures used for factory planning at general production plants. The derived methodology takes three phases into account and enables the integration of continuous tablet manufacturing into urban areas to supply the local population with medicine.

THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN CROATIA

The Europeans are still facing extraordinary challenges and uncertainties in their daily lives to the extent that all efforts will still focus on protecting citizens and overcoming the crisis. The COVID-19 poses a challenge to Europe on a historical scale. At the request of Heads of State or Governments, the European Commission has presented a comprehensive package combining the future Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) and specific recovery efforts within the next generation EU (NGEU). The EU's Next Generation Fund (NGEU) represents the European Union's recovery package to support Member States affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The fund was approved by the European Council on July 21, 2020, and is worth €750 billion. The NGEU fund covers the period 2021 – 2023 and will be linked to the regular EU budget (MFF) from 2021 to 2027. The comprehensive NGEU and VFO packages are projected to reach €1,824.3 billion. Most of the investment relates to the reforms and investments regarding green and digital transition. To achieve the European Green Plan and the next generation EU plan, policies related to clean energy supply in the economy, industry, general production and consumption, infrastructure, transport, agriculture, construction, etc., need to be reconsidered. In the light of all the above mentioned, and to achieve the green and digital transition, one of the significant areas in Croatia is the use of renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, which will be discussed in more detail in this paper.

Multidimensional routing with the increased navigation accuracy with the maintenance of flight notifications of the flight vehicles

The article covers the problem the multidimensional routing of flights for the transportation of cargo and mail, with the condition of the corresponding equipment presence for performing navigation of increased precision to obtain the possibility of the formation flights under any weather conditions. The given circumstances are capably essential to reduce load while using the airspace, which will make it possible to achieve transportation independent of its saturation. While planning the routes it is also necessary to consider the interests of different interested groups, which are often opposite to one another. In the view of the different directivity of the tasks in question, the solution can require the sorting as excessively as large, so the smaller quantity of possible situations (versions of the solution), the lower the level of the calculation of these versions is, and the greater their quantity is. The exact example of multidimensional routing, which is affected by the interests of operational nature and the interests of the urgency of the performance of the claims, expressed by weight coefficients, is depicted in this work. The only version in favour of the general production process, which is obtained with the help of a genetic algorithm, is a solution of this problem. It was necessary to introduce some designations and assumptions, the enumeration of which can be supplemented. Optimal solution can be obtained both by the enumeration of the solution versions and with the help of the genetic algorithm, which is allowed for a smaller number of iterations, to obtain suboptimal in real time, which corresponds to the conditions of the task solution. In that the example dynamic priorities are assigned, based on multiplicative form by expert evaluation, which form criteria for the ranking of request for each step of route planning. As a result, there are the exact versions of the solution, which correspond to the interests of different groups and the version, obtained with the help of a genetic algorithm, which satisfy the opposite interests of these groups. All versions of the solution are proved to be different, which indicates the need of applying the objective and substantiated apparatus for making the decision, which the genetic algorithm actually is. The proposed mathematical apparatus has prospects for implementation.

Sustainable Forest Management Evaluation Using Carbon Credits: From Production to Environmental Forests

The biodiversity and carbon dioxide absorption function of forests have received attention due to global warming. However, most of the world’s forests are general production forests. Since production forests are maintained by production activities, a decrease in production or abandonment of management leads to a decline in forest functions and increases the risk of disasters such as landslides. Against this background, the retention approach has been proposed as a way to convert general production forests into forests with enhanced environmental functions, but it has rarely been applied due to technical and cost barriers. This study focuses on cost barriers and examines the possibility of introducing a retention approach to converting production forests to environmental forests, using Japan as a case study. About 70% of Japan’s land area is covered with forests, 40% of which are production forests. However, due to the sharp decline in demand for timber in recent years and price competition with imported timber, the selling price of timber has fallen below the cost of managing production forests, and the management of many production forests has been abandoned. The dilemma is that the retention approach applied to the wood production process cannot be applied to forests where production activities are stagnant. Therefore, we explored the possibility of recovering the necessary costs with carbon credits that are available in the Japanese market. We calculated the cumulative carbon stocks of carbon dioxide in production forests by age, using intensity, and estimated how many years after planting the combined costs of normal production forests management and the retention approach would balance out. Our calculations show that even if carbon credits were sold at the lowest market price, the balance of payments would be balanced about 30 years after planting, resulting in a net profit from the sale of the wood.

Improving public sector entities reporting in terms of transparency of the budget process

In the context of the declared state policy on openness and transparency of the budget process, there is a need to improve public sector entities reporting as a key information base on state budget expenditures. Current reporting forms of public sector entities do not reflect information on the types of expenditures (direct and general production), and do not contain information on the cost price of public services financed under the budget program. The article substantiates the expediency of making changes in the forms of financial reporting of public sector entities by disclosure of information on expenditures in terms of direct and general production expenses. This will reflect the use of public financial resources and will establish a relationship between the use of budget funds to pay for public services (direct expenses) or maintenance of institutions (general production expenses). At the same time, it is proposed to supplement forms № 2-ds and № 5-ds with the section “Cost price of sold products, works, services”, which will reveal data on the actual cost price of public services as a key indicator that retransmits public finance management results and their compliance with objectives and expected result of the budget program and state policy in the relevant field. The proposed approach to modernization of disclosure of reporting information will establish methodological integration of conceptual provisions of NP(S)АS 135 “Costs” with forms of financial and budgetary reporting, will promote the implementation of the declared principles of transparency in the budget process, and ensure compliance with the program-target method establishing the relationship between the use of budget funds and performance of public sector entities.