Evaluating the Barrier Effects of Charge Point Trauma on UK Electric Vehicle Growth

For electric vehicles (EVs) to realise the UK government’s goal of mass-market dominance, there are surmountable hurdles to resolve before car users accept this radical shift in motoring technology. This study focuses on recent EV adopters who experience a new phenomenon described as charge point trauma (CPT). In contrast to range anxiety, we define CPT as the psychological, physiological, and behavioural condition where EV user’s experiences develop trauma or anxiety in response to the availability of sufficient charge points, locations, payment processes, and operability. Resolving impediments to EV usage reduces long-term growth barriers, which we argue can subsequently lower or even eliminate EV driver anxiety. We conclude that range anxiety still plays a major part in overall EV driver trauma, and after deep analysis of our case study data conclude that a trauma other than range anxiety exists at the charge point. To mitigate this phenomenon, we propose a regulatory framework comprising a series of stimuli to encourage EV uptake. These recommendations should be targeted at regulating a new generation of EV charging stations to meet operational parity with current fossil fuel filling stations by ensuring they are always on, available in sufficient numbers, accessible and operable as part of the UK motorway and major trunk network. This will de-risk EV purchasing and stimulate their adoption in this embryonic stage, reducing CPT in the process.

Research on P2P Transmission Optimizing Strategy

To reduce the congestion of trunk network caused by P2P transmission, a P2P transmission optimizing scheme is introduced in metropolitan area network (MAN) in this paper. In this scheme distance vectors such as Huffman Code are used to represent topology relations of nodes in MAN, and distance vectors of nodes which store nodes in topology server are built. According to the distance vectors, physical distances of each node are calculated, and most transmission flow is controlled on the edge of MAN, thus transmission optimizing is realized.

Active Optical Access Networks

In this chapter, active optical access networks (AONs) are examined. AONs are a special type of optical access networks in which the sharing of optical fibers among users is implemented by means of active equipment (as opposed to passive optical networks –PONs– where sharing is achieved by using multiplepassive splitters). In active optical access networks, user-side units, known as Optical Network Units (ONUs), are usually grouped in access Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) rings and fiber-interconnected to a local exchange unit, known as Optical Line Termination (OLT). In AONs (as well as in PONs) the optical fiber (originally used in the trunk network) is introduced in the access domain, namely between the customer and the local exchange. Practically, this means that the huge bandwidth provided by the optical fiber becomes directly available to the normal user. Despite the obvious financial and technoeconomical issues related to the massive deployment of optical access networks, the possibilities and challenges created are enormous. This chapter examines the various units and modules composing an active optical access network and presents the basic procedures for implementing such a network.