Produced The Compost by Recycling The Municipality Waste

Around 5000 tons of food waste are prooduced every day in Iraq, accounts for about (50%) of the waste that we get rid of .Waste sent to landfill for disposal may breakdown and produce methane gas that causes greenhouse effect ,as well as odour , epidemics , and disease because of the disintegration. The aims of the research are to produce organic fertilizer through the recycling of domestic refuse. It has been working through this research to collect the domestic food waste which represent the nitrogen source, as well as the remains of cleaning and trimming of various trees and the remains of lawn mowers, and use of sawdust white wood which represent the carbon source. Working on dried and arranged in layers of perforated plastic containers for the purpose of ventilation, it was moisturized with two different types of water and monitored fertilizer maturity for four months. Previously the fresh water was used for the purpose for moisturizing the mixture (tap water) later the domestic wastewater have been used. The comparison was made between the results of tests performed; the test has come up with the resalt that the use of "domestic wastewater" rich in living organisms and bacteria to hydrate the mixture is better than the use of "tap water". The felicitous fertilizer is rich with nutrient nitrogen 2.3%, phosphorus 13% and potassium 20% etc. There are a number of important factors affecting the process of production of fertilizer, including air ventilation, temperature, and moisture content in the mixture, which ranges from 40-60% to provide a suitable medium for microorganisms within the mixture. Where less than 40% lead to dry mixture and kill organisms.

STATUTORY UTILITY RIGHTS TO REALISE ACCESS TO SERVICES AS A CHARACTERISTIC OF ADEQUATE HOUSING

Government of the Republic of South Africa v Grootboom1 (‘Grootboom’) is a landmark judgment for the interpretation of the right of access to adequate housing in South Africa. In this case the Constitutional Court was confronted with the intolerable and exigent housing needs of Ms Irene Grootboom and her fellow respondents in the Wallacedene community. The community had no access to potable water and sanitation services, the municipality did not collect their domestic refuse, and very few of the informal structures had access to electricity.2 Many members of the community applied for access to low-cost subsidised housing from the Oostenberg Municipality and had been in the housing queue for almost seven years. Despite their actions they faced the prospect of enduring these intolerable conditions indefinitely. Since this prospect was unbearable, the respondents moved out of their waterlogged informal settlement onto a vacant, privately-owned property above the flood line where they erected their informal structures.

Energy from domestic refuse by enzymatic degradation of cellulosic fibre waste into sugars and ethanol: initial laboratory studies

The search for commercially viable biogenic sources of transport fuel, such as ethanol, is nowa priority among developed countries. Sugar- and starch-containing crops currently supportmature industries producing ethanol by yeast fermentation. The potential of bulk plantmaterials (biomass crops, agricultural wastes and domestic refuse) is enormous, but suchligno-cellulosic compounds are difficult to degrade into simple sugar molecules. In the USAand Canada, commercial development programmes are under way to develop new enzymaticand fermentation technologies and to reduce process costs.We investigated the potential of processed waste material derived from domestic refuse as asource of simple sugars for conversion to ethanol. "Pure" cellulose was almost completelydegraded to reducing sugars by cellulase C0I3L, a mixed enzyme preparation, and byTrichoderma viride cellulase, whereas enzymes from other fungal species performed lesswell. T viride achieved less than I 0% (by weight) conversion of waste material to reducingsugars in 2 hour incubations, whereas C013L cellulase gave sugar yields of up to 35%.Extended incubation times gave little increase in yield. These results support the feedstockpotential of this material. Alternative techniques, such as pre-treatment with ferulic acidesterase to improve the effectiveness of degradation, are discussed.

Recycling of Food Waste to Produce the Plant Fertilizer

Around 5000 tons of food waste is produced every day in Iraq which accounts for about (50%) of the waste that we get rid of them. Waste sent to landfill for disposal may break down and produce methane gas that causes greenhouse effect, as well as cause odor, epidemics, and disease because of the disintegration. The research aims to produce organic fertilizer through the recycling of domestic refuse. It has been working through this research to collect the domestic refuse food which represent the nitrogen source, as well as the remains of cleaning and trimming of various trees and the remains of lawn mowers, and use of sawdust white wood which represent the carbon source. Have been working on dried and arranged in layers of perforated plastic containers for ventilation, it was moisturized with two different types of water and monitored fertilizer maturity for four months. Previously the fresh water was used for the purpose for moisturizing the mixture (chlorination water supply) later the domestic wastewater have been used. The comparison was made between the results of tests performed; the test has come up with the result that the use of "domestic wastewater" which it is rich in living organisms is the best and fastest in the process of manufacturing organic fertilizer than the use of "water supply", to contain the latter on the amount of chlorine of weakens the growth of microorganisms. And the use of dried plant waste, in the mixture as source of carbon was successful, and it gave the best organic fertilizer production results because these wastes are easy to decompose compare with sawdust wood. The felicitous fertilizer is it rich with nutrient such as nitrogen 2.3 %, phosphorus 13%, and potassium 20%, etc. There are some important factors affecting the process of production of fertilizer, including air ventilation, temperature, moisture content in the mixture. Carbon to nitrogen is a major factor, where each 20-30 part of the carbon should be taken into account for the decomposition of 1 part of the nitrogen to produce the compost properly, the high proportion of carbon about 30%, causes low-temperature mixture, and it leads to slow compost composition, and less than 20% leads to excess nitrogen, which lost in the air in the form of ammonia, and the higher pH value, could be toxic to some microorganisms.

Regulating filth: cleansing in Scottish towns and cities, 1840–1880

ABSTRACTAlthough little explored, regulations – in the form of laws and byelaws – formed an important technique of nineteenth-century government. This article explores the implementation and enforcement of two sets of regulations regarding the keeping and disposal of dirt imposed by Scottish local authorities: one on behaviours around the disposal of domestic refuse, the other on the keeping of dung – a form of property. While behaviours around refuse were more stringently policed than those affecting property, in both cases regulations were not the basis of a strict disciplinary regime, but a means of informing, educating and persuading residents into cleanly habits.

Discussion on MBR Treatment Process of Domestic Landfill Leachate Design Issues in Northeast Area

MBR technology has been widely used in northeast China's leachate treatment projection for its obvious technical advantages. However, the complex nature of the Northeast leachate as well as relatively more calculations design of MBR process, became the key to the success of the project. This article in view of the present our country MBR treatment process of domestic refuse landfill leachate treatment of some design problems and puts forward some personal views and suggestions,, for example the MBR process calculation method of reference.