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Published By Linnaeus University

2002-8008

2020 ◽  
pp. 479-492
Author(s):  
Gintaras Denafas ◽  
Ingrida Rimaityte ◽  
Viktoras Racys ◽  
Iwona Mackow ◽  
Wojciech Gornikowski ◽  
...  

This paper compiles results of the research project 'The Use of Life Cycle Assessment Tools for the Development of Integrated Waste Management Strategies for Cities and Regions with Rapid Growing Economies', in short: LCA-IWM (for more: www.lca-iwm,net), The project, which runs from September 2002 until August 2005, is financially supported by the European Commission, It is part of the Fifth Framework Programme.Some municipal waste management scenarios for Kaunas (Lithuania), Wroclaw (Poland), Xanthi (Greece), Nitra (Slovakia) and Reus (Spain) was created and assessed to compare impact on environmental, economical and social sustainability, The chosen waste management scenarios can be understood like stepped evolution of waste management system, i.e, the next scenarios is an extension of previous scenario, The first scenarios for every city correspond to the situation in the current waste management systems, the next scenarios include not only landfilling, but also increased rates of separate collection, mechanical-biological pre-treatment and incineration.  At the Conclusion the best Scenarios regarding environmental and economical sustainability is pointed.


2020 ◽  
pp. 413-424
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Smith ◽  
Alexander Vandenbohed ◽  
Ann Maes ◽  
Willy Verstraet ◽  
Luc Lebbe

Understanding the wide variety of aquifer physical, chemical and microbiological processes is necessary for the effective implementation of in situ bioaugmentation strategies. Therefore, a numerical density dependent 3D solute transport model MOCDENS3D was developed in combination with field experiments to characterise the subsurface control parameters. This also allowed for the study of the effect of aquifer heterogeneity upon the fate and transport of the reactive solutes and the injected bacterial strain.  These investigations were conducted during the evaluation of an in situ bioremediation strategy intended for the cleanup of a test site. The site lies within a historically 1,2- dichloroethane (l ,2-DCA) contaminated sandy phreatic aquifer in Tessenderlo (Belgium). The halogenated compound has a putative carcinogenic effect and a high recalcitrance towards reductive dechlorination. The isolation of the novel anaerobic Desulfitobacterium dichloroeliminans strain DCAI from the soil matrix of the Tessenderlo site at LabMET (Ghent University, Belgium) offered perspectives for the execution of a bioaugmentation strategy at this site, since this strain selectively degrades 1,2-DCA to ethene under anaerobic conditions without the production of toxic vinyl chloride.  First, a step-drawdown pumping test followed by a forced gradient multiple-well tracer test was conducted to obtain values for the hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, longitudinal and transverse dispersivity and effective porosity. The solute transport model was used as a predictive field-scale modelling tool in aid of designing the preliminary field tests as well as the bacterial injection. The aim of the latter was the assessment of the transport of the augmented strain DCAI. Prior modelling of these experiments provides an insight in the possible design strategies and hence, it can be concluded that profound preliminary field investigation aided by a solute transport model such as MOCDENS3D, results in a more time- and cost-effective execution of large scale cleanup processes of contaminated sites.


2020 ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Tommy Claesson ◽  
Sirkku Sarenbo ◽  
Peter Mellbo ◽  
Olof Stålnacke

A major part of residues from pulp industry are deposited as waste at high disposal costs. Thispaper summarizes a five-year research project concerning implementation of an industrial,automatic roll-pelletizing method at a heating plant in the city of Kalmar, Sweden and presentsthe visions of the newly initiated research project where pulp industry residues are recycledtogether with wood ash. Also combustion issues are included.


2019 ◽  
pp. 627-635
Author(s):  
Alexander Voronov ◽  
Maria Belova

The paper presented describes an original technique for decision making regarding solidwaste management systems design including the process of choice for its complexity, locationand economic aspects as well as the multi criterion model for energy recovery of waste. Themathematical model is worked out for the process of decision making upon the system andprocess design which makes it to a certain extend a universal solution. The study of theeconomic and environmental aspects of the energy recovery of waste is also provided in thepaper. It includes analysis of the investments' effectiveness based on certain indexes. In thispart again the original formulas are used for calculation and providing the data for decisionmaking upon the expenditures needed.


2019 ◽  
pp. 639-644
Author(s):  
T. Y. Yeole ◽  
N.S. Deshmukh ◽  
K.L. Lapsiya ◽  
D.R. Ranade

Production of Bio gas from cattle waste and other biomass is now considered as one of the majorroutes to obtain gaseous fuel for sustainable development. In tropical countries like Indiathousands of rural families in villages are using 3 to 5 M3 biogas plants to suffice their dailycooking fuel need. All these plants are run on cattle waste. Since these plants are operated atambient temperatures, effect of temperature variation affects daily gas yield. The effect becomesvery prominent during winter season. In general about 50-60% reduction in daily biogas yield isobserved when ambient temperature is around l 5°C as compared to that produced at around 30-350C. A low cost and simple to operate technique to enhance biogas yield from the biogas plantduring winter season shall help to get optimum biogas yield from these plants during the winterseason. We thought of a simple technique of filtering the digested effluent slurry of biogas plantthrough a triple layer muslin cloth to obtain a filtrate, hence-forth called as clarified digestedslurry (CDS), rich in cell mass and then adding it back to the biogas plant along with the influentslurry. Experiments were carried out on 25 L capacity cattle dung biogas plant operated at 15°Cto see effect of recirculation of CDS. Addition of 25 and 40% v/v CDS in daily influent resultedin 15% and 37% increase in daily biogas yield. Recirculation of 40% v/v CDS supplementedwith Diammonium phosphate(DAP) increased the biogas yield by 75% v/v. In anotherexperiment use of clarified rumen fluid (CRF) to prepare influent slurry and added exclusivelyfor one day enhanced the daily biogas yield by 70% v/v for a period of two months. Popular dailywears in India called cotton dhoti or cotton sari can be used for the filtration of the slurry.


2019 ◽  
pp. 615-621
Author(s):  
Noboru Tanikawa ◽  
Toru Furuichi ◽  
Kazuei Ishii ◽  
Kohji Matsuo

It is well known that methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas, and one of the main gases emittedfrom landfills, CH4 is also emitted from biogasification facilities and composting facilities, Anew method to monitor CH4 in ambient air has been developed using a portable open pathmethane analyzer (POMA) that is retailed as an urban gas leak detector. In this study, we haveinvestigated a practical application of a POMA in the field, and the characteristics of CH4emissions at landfill sites, biogasification facilities, and a composting facility,It is clear that this new method is convenient, and can be used to monitor the averageconcentration of CH4 in ambient air at a waste disposal facility, such as a landfill site, acomposting facility, or a biogasification facility, The concentration of CH4 in ambient air atlandfill sites, a composting facility, and biogasification facilities were found to be 2-30, 2-13,and 3-13 ppm, respectively,


2019 ◽  
pp. 579-588
Author(s):  
Merrit Noormets ◽  
Karin Kauer ◽  
Tiina Köster ◽  
Mait Kriipsalu ◽  
Aive Jänes ◽  
...  

In industrialized society, large amounts of oily sediments from contaminated sites as well asoily sludge from industrial processes need to be treated in sustainable way. Nowadaysbiological treatment is becoming more important. The purpose of biotreatment is to decreasethe concentration of organic pollutants (e.g. oil) in soil or compost by mineralizing hazardouschemicals into harmless compounds such as carbon dioxide or some other gas or inorganicsubstance, water, and cell material. Whereas hydrocarbons are generally well degradable,some organic compounds (e.g. PAH) are less degradable; and some (heavy metals) can not bedegraded. However, resistant compounds can be transformed through sorption, methylation,and complexation, and change in valence state, which affect mobility and bioavailability. Theuse of oil-compost depends on legislative limits, and response of vegetation. Oil-content mayhave a negative effect on plant root system even in low concentrations. Heavy metals mayinhibit the growth, but in the other hand, the plants are also known in uptaking heavy metalsand other contaminants, known as phytoremediation. This may create a situation, wherevegetation cover acts as additional treatment system for matured oil-composts. The objectiveof this study was to examine the effect of hydrocarbon residues in different substances(compost and soil mixtures) on soil model plants (Raphanus sativus) germination andphytomass production. The germination study demonstrated that the plants germination andbiomass production was highly dependent on compost decomposition degree, nutrient contentand biological properties of soil. On less matured compost, the germination and growth wassuppressed. The phytomass production experiment showed that plants in oil compost haddecreased height, taproot mass and above ground phytomass. The application of complexmineral fertilizers increased the volume of abovementioned parameters.


2019 ◽  
pp. 343-355
Author(s):  
Maurizio Giannotti

In this paper conventional and innovative phyto-technologies, applied on different kinds ofpolluted waters to obtain their safe reuse, are showed. Today, the last frontier ofenvironmental recovery in the world is: Water Reclamation. Most important targets of waterreclamation are: recover and reuse wastewaters in safety, freshwater aquifer recharge, publichealth protection, and new economic viable source. There are a lot of technologies to treatdifferent kinds of wastewaters (urban, industrial, zootechnical, etc), but conventionaltechnologies able to treat, recover and reuse wastewaters in the same time, are very few and soexpensive that the cost of recovered water is no sustainable by public administrations; overallin the developing countries in Africa, Asia, South and Centre America (F AO-WHO).In the latest years, phyto-technologies proved their efficiency in the wastewater reclamationand their cheap and easy way to be built and maintained. The phyto-technologies experiencesshown in this paper are applied on polluted waters from industries and agroindustries, pigfeedlot, towns, and polluted water of rivers and/or lakes. The paper is completed withanalytical data and results; compared with national and/or international (F AO-WHO) lawlimits for reclaimed waters; and building and maintenance costs, compared with conventionalactivated sludge systems.We speak about projects financed by public administrations or international organizations(F AO-European Union) and realized to reclaim and reuse treated wastewaters usingconventional and/or advanced phytoremediation technologies. All this has opened a newcheap and easy way, to reuse in safety treated waters, to protect environment, and to controlfresh water pollution.


2019 ◽  
pp. 395-404
Author(s):  
Christian Maurice ◽  
Björn Gustavsson ◽  
Jurate Kumpiene ◽  
Sofia Lidelöw

Chemical stabilization of metals is lately considered as a possible pretreatment for soilcontaminated with average levels of trace elements. The element mobility in soil can bealtered by adding soil amendments that can adsorb, complex, or co-precipitate trace elements.As a consequence, pollutant spreading from the contaminated soil and effect on the recipientcan be reduced. The different contaminants originating from wood impregnation chemicals,e.g. Cu, Cr, and As limit the choice of amendments because e.g. large pH fluctuations andconsequent mobilization of Cu or As should be avoided. The results show that the leaching ofarsenic is lowest in the lysimeter with 15% Fe3O4. In both lysimeters with untreated soil andwith 1 % Fe 0, the arsenic leaching seems to decrease with the sampling depth. The leaching ofcopper is generally low. Further the addition of iron seems to increase the leaching ofmanganese and nickel but to reduce the leaching of zinc. Results from the laboratoryexperiment show that the arsenic content in the leachate is lowest with the highest mixture ofmagnetite. Mixing is one of the key issues when discussing the treatment efficiency andpossible use of the treated soil. The results so far indicate that magnetite can be used fortreatment of CCA contaminated soil also at a large scale. Reduction of both arsenic andcopper using a single amendment is challenging as they behave opposite. Magnetite seems tobe a promising amendment even though a high amount of amendment needs to be added.Moreover, the potential establishment of reducing conditions at larger depths in the soil is ofconcern since this might lead to a rapid increase in arsenic leaching


2019 ◽  
pp. 553-561
Author(s):  
Danute Marciulioniene ◽  
Danguole Montvydiene ◽  
Vilmante Karlaviciene ◽  
William Hogland

Polluting substances when released into environment become one of the main factors ofenvironmental pollution since they cause changes to the chemical composition of water,bottom sediments and soil; they also disturb the biological balance and self-cleaningprocesses of the ecosystem that may lead to unpredictable alterations within the ecosystem.Together with the chemical and physical techniques the methods of bioindication andbiotesting are employed in the current research on environmental pollution and its impact onthe ecological integrity of ecosystems,The aim of this paper was to determine the sensitivity of a test-organism L sativum to thetoxic impact of different types of samples (liquid or solid: surface water, industrialwastewater, industrial storm water, landfill leachate, lake bottom sediments and sludge fromindustrial storm water sedimentation tank) from urban environment and chemical substancesand to demonstrate the possibilities of application of this plant in both the toxicologicalinvestigation and environmental pollution assessment.The results of conducted investigation have proved that L. sativum is a sufficiently universal,cheap and sensitive biotest for determination of toxicity of different types of samples (stormwater, bottom sediments, soil, wastewater from industrial sites, landfill leachate) and includedchemical substances. Therefore, it can be successfully applied in the environmental pollutionassessment.


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