Direct excitation strategy for radical generation in organic synthesis

This tutorial review encompasses the radical generation based on classical methods and photoredox catalysis. It will also focus on radical generation only demanding visible-light, which involves EDA complex and direct photo-excitation strategy.

Simulation Study on Electrical Resistance Tomography using Metal Wall for Bubble Detection

Industrial process pipelines are mostly known to be constructed from metal which is a conducting material. Bubbles or gas detection are crucial in facilitating the bubble columns performance. By employing the Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) technique, a simulation study using COMSOL has been conducted to investigate the effect of excitation strategy, bubble sizes and locations towards the metal wall system. As for the current excitation strategy, conducting boundary protocol has to be applied when it comes to metallic vessel to overcome the grounding effect. Bubbles with a greater size than 2 mm and especially the one that is located near the wall boundary are much easier to detect. Further potential improvements to the current design and image reconstruction of the ERT system are desirable to improve the detection of small and centred bubble.