Tomography bounds for the Fourier extension operator and applications

We explore the extent to which the Fourier transform of an $$L^p$$ L p density supported on the sphere in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$ R n can have large mass on affine subspaces, placing particular emphasis on lines and hyperplanes. This involves establishing bounds on quantities of the form $$X(|\widehat{gd\sigma }|^2)$$ X ( | g d σ ^ | 2 ) and $$\mathcal {R}(|\widehat{gd\sigma }|^2)$$ R ( | g d σ ^ | 2 ) , where X and $$\mathcal {R}$$ R denote the X-ray and Radon transforms respectively; here $$d\sigma $$ d σ denotes Lebesgue measure on the unit sphere $$\mathbb {S}^{n-1}$$ S n - 1 , and $$g\in L^p(\mathbb {S}^{n-1})$$ g ∈ L p ( S n - 1 ) . We also identify some conjectural bounds of this type that sit between the classical Fourier restriction and Kakeya conjectures. Finally we provide some applications of such tomography bounds to the theory of weighted norm inequalities for $$\widehat{gd\sigma }$$ g d σ ^ , establishing some natural variants of conjectures of Stein and Mizohata–Takeuchi from the 1970s. Our approach, which has its origins in work of Planchon and Vega, exploits cancellation via Plancherel’s theorem on affine subspaces, avoiding the conventional use of wave-packet and stationary-phase methods.

A Sequential Approach to Mild Distributions

The Banach Gelfand Triple ( S 0 , L 2 , S 0 ′ ) ( R d ) consists of S 0 ( R d ) , ∥ · ∥ S 0 , a very specific Segal algebra as algebra of test functions, the Hilbert space L 2 ( R d ) , ∥ · ∥ 2 and the dual space S 0 ′ ( R d ) , whose elements are also called “mild distributions”. Together they provide a universal tool for Fourier Analysis in its many manifestations. It is indispensable for a proper formulation of Gabor Analysis, but also useful for a distributional description of the classical (generalized) Fourier transform (with Plancherel’s Theorem and the Fourier Inversion Theorem as core statements) or the foundations of Abstract Harmonic Analysis, as it is not difficult to formulate this theory in the context of locally compact Abelian (LCA) groups. A new approach presented recently allows to introduce S 0 ( R d ) , ∥ · ∥ S 0 and hence ( S 0 ′ ( R d ) , ∥ · ∥ S 0 ′ ) , the space of “mild distributions”, without the use of the Lebesgue integral or the theory of tempered distributions. The present notes will describe an alternative, even more elementary approach to the same objects, based on the idea of completion (in an appropriate sense). By drawing the analogy to the real number system, viewed as infinite decimals, we hope that this approach is also more interesting for engineers. Of course it is very much inspired by the Lighthill approach to the theory of tempered distributions. The main topic of this article is thus an outline of the sequential approach in this concrete setting and the clarification of the fact that it is just another way of describing the Banach Gelfand Triple. The objects of the extended domain for the Short-Time Fourier Transform are (equivalence classes) of so-called mild Cauchy sequences (in short ECmiCS). Representatives are sequences of bounded, continuous functions, which correspond in a natural way to mild distributions as introduced in earlier papers via duality theory. Our key result shows how standard functional analytic arguments combined with concrete properties of the Segal algebra S 0 ( R d ) , ∥ · ∥ S 0 can be used to establish this natural identification.

Integrability of Fourier transforms under an ergodic hypothesis

The object is to unify and complement some recent theorems of Hewitt and Ritter on the integrability of Fourier transforms, but the underlying theme is the ancient one that Plancherel's theorem is the “only” integrability constraint on Fourier transforms. The distinguishing feature of the results is that we restrict attention to positive measures (or functions) which satisfy an ergodic condition and whose transforms are positive. (In fact we employ sums of discrete random variables, a technique which seems to have been largely ignored in context.) The general setting is that of locally compact abelian groups but we are chiefly interested in the line or the circle, and it appears that the theorems are new for these classical groups.