Imprecision, personae, and pragmatic reasoning

Recent work at the interface of semantics and sociolinguistics showed that listeners reason about the semantic/pragmatic properties of linguistic utterances to draw social inferences about the speaker (Acton and Potts 2014; Beltrama 2018; Jeong 2021). These findings raise the question of whether reverse effects exist as well, i.e., whether (and how) social meanings can also impact the interpretation of semantic/pragmatic meanings. Using (im)precision as a case study, we provide experimental evidence that (i) numerals receive stricter interpretations when utteredbyNerdy(vs. Chill) speakers; and that (ii) this effect is stronger for comprehenders who don’t (strongly) identify with the speaker, suggesting that pragmatic reasoning is crucially shaped by social information about both the speaker and the comprehender. These findings suggest that different layers of meanings inform one another in a bi-directional fashion – i.e., semantic information can invite social inferences, and Misocial information can guide meaning interpretation.

Current Trends in the Application of Innovative Technologies in the Tourist Field

The article analyzes the current trends in the use of innovative technologies in the field of tourism. The essence of innovative technologies in tourism and their role in the development of tourism is determined. It has been found that innovations in tourism are the creation of a new or improvement of an existing product using the latest techniques, technologies and resources. It was found that in the field of tourism the use of modern information technologies is relevant, in particular: mobile Internet; electronic catalogues with leisure offers; electronic booking systems; social information networks; electronic ticketing systems; Internet advertising; convenient payment systems, etc. It is established that Internet technologies are an effective means of forming a positive image of the enterprise; promotion of new types of tourist services; informing consumers about new tours or promotions, as well as promoting them on the market, etc. Examples of modern innovative technologies used in the field of tourism are given and the expediency of their introduction is proved. It has been found that in modern conditions it is important to visit online museums and virtual 3D tours, which allow you to travel via the Internet. It is proved that social information networks are an effective tool that affects the consumption of tourist services. They allow tourists to share their own tourist experience, impressions of hotels, level of service and more. It was found that at the present stage of tourism development it is important to form and effectively operate a system of innovation management. The necessity of the development of the newest directions of Internet marketing in the field of tourism is proved. It is established that the introduction of innovative technologies ensures the effective development of the tourism sector in modern conditions, as well as gives a significant competitive advantage.