neural processing
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruosi Wang ◽  
Daniel Janini ◽  
Talia Konkle

Responses to visually-presented objects along the cortical surface of the human brain have a large-scale organization reflecting the broad categorical divisions of animacy and object size. Mounting evidence indicates that this topographical organization is driven by differences between objects in mid-level perceptual features. With regard to the timing of neural responses, images of objects quickly evoke neural responses with decodable information about animacy and object size, but are mid-level features sufficient to evoke these rapid neural responses? Or is slower iterative neural processing required to untangle information about animacy and object size from mid-level features? To answer this question, we used electroencephalography(EEG) to measure human neural responses to images of objects and their texform counterparts - unrecognizable images which preserve some mid-level feature information about texture and coarse form. We found that texform images evoked neural responses with early decodable information about both animacy and real-world size, as early as responses evoked by original images. Further, successful cross-decoding indicates that both texform and original images evoke information about animacy and size through a common underlying neural basis. Broadly, these results indicate that the visual system contains a mid-level feature bank carrying linearly decodable information on animacy and size, which can be rapidly activated without requiring explicit recognition or protracted temporal processing.


Author(s):  
Bechor Barouch ◽  
Yael Weiss ◽  
Tami Katzir ◽  
Tali Bitan
Keyword(s):  

2022 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. 105260
Author(s):  
Marlene Meyer ◽  
Haerin Chung ◽  
Ranjan Debnath ◽  
Nathan Fox ◽  
Amanda L. Woodward

2022 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. R32-R34
Author(s):  
Vielka Salazar ◽  
Ana Silva

Author(s):  
Miriam Schuler ◽  
Sebastian Mohnke ◽  
Till Amelung ◽  
Klaus M Beier ◽  
Martin Walter ◽  
...  

Abstract Behavioral studies found evidence for superior cognitive empathy (CE) in pedophilic men without a history of child sexual offending (P-CSO) compared to pedophilic men with a history of CSO (P+CSO). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies also point to differences between P-CSO and P+CSO. Neural processing associated with CE has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the neural correlates of CE in subjects with pedophilia with (P+CSO) and without (P-CSO) child sexual offending. 15 P+CSO, 15 P-CSO, and 24 teleiophilic male controls (TC) performed a CE task during fMRI. We observed reduced activation in the left precuneus (Pcu) and increased activation in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in P-CSO compared to P+CSO. P-CSO also showed stronger connectivity between these regions, which might reflect a top-down modulation of the Pcu by the ACC toward an increased self-focused emotional reaction in social situations. There was also evidence for increased right superior temporal gyrus activation in P-CSO that might constitute a potentially compensatory recruitment due to the dampened Pcu activation. These findings provide first evidence for altered neural processing of CE in P-CSO and underline the importance of addressing CE in pedophilia and CSO in order to uncover processes relevant to effective prevention of child sexual abuse.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenia Amaral ◽  
Rita Donato ◽  
Daniela Valerio ◽  
Egas Caparelli-Daquer ◽  
Jorge Almeida ◽  
...  

The neural processing within a brain region that responds to more than one object category can be separated by looking at the horizontal modulations established by that region, which suggests that local representations can be affected by connections to distal areas, in a category-specific way. Here we first wanted to test whether by applying transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to a region that responds both to hands and tools (posterior middle temporal gyrus; pMTG), while participants performed either a hand- or tool-related training task, we would be able to specifically target the trained category, and thereby dissociate the overlapping neural processing. Second, we wanted to see if these effects were limited to the target area or extended to distal but functionally connected brain areas. After each combined tDCS and training session, participants therefore viewed images of tools, hands, and animals, in an fMRI scanner. Using multivoxel pattern analysis, we found that tDCS stimulation to pMTG indeed improved the classification accuracy between tools vs. animals, but only when combined with a tool training task (not a hand training task). However, surprisingly, tDCS stimulation to pMTG also improved the classification accuracy between hands vs. animals when combined with a tool training task (not a hand training task). Our findings suggest that overlapping but functionally-specific networks can be separated by using a category-specific training task together with tDCS - a strategy that can be applied more broadly to other cognitive domains using tDCS - and demonstrates the importance of horizontal modulations in object-category representations.


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