medical internal radiation dose
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Author(s):  
Ghazale Geraily ◽  
Soheil Elmtalab ◽  
Najmeh Mohammadi ◽  
Zahra Alirezaei ◽  
Segundo Agustin Martinez Ovalle ◽  
...  

Abstract This study was devoted to determining the unwanted dose due to scattered photons to the out-of-field organs and subsequently estimate the risk of secondary cancers in the patients undergoing pelvic radiotherapy. A typical 18-MV Medical Linear Accelerator (Varian Clinac 2100 C/D) was modeled using MCNPX® code to simulate pelvic radiotherapy with four treatment fields: anterior-posterior, posterior-anterior, right lateral, left lateral. Dose evaluation was performed inside Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) revised female phantom. The average photon equivalent dose in out-of-field organs is 8.53 mSv/Gy, ranging from 0.17 to 72.11 mSv/Gy, respectively, for the organs far from the Planning Treatment Volume (Brain) and those close to the treatment field (Colon). Evidence showed that colon with 4.3049 % and thyroid with 0.0020 % have the highest and lowest risk of secondary cancer, respectively. Accordingly, this study introduced the colon as an organ with a high risk of secondary cancer which should be paid more attention in the follow-up of patients undergoing pelvic radiotherapy. The authors believe that this simple Monte Carlo (MC) model can be also used in other radiotherapy plans and mathematical phantoms with different ages (from childhood to adults) to estimate the out-of-field dose. The extractable information by this simple MC model can be also employed for providing libraries for user-friendly applications (e.g. “.apk”) which in turn increase the public knowledge about fatal cancer risk after radiotherapy and subsequently decrease the concerns in this regard among the public.


2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 405-411
Author(s):  
Linzi Arndt Webster ◽  
Alexander Villalobos ◽  
Bill S. Majdalany ◽  
Zachary L. Bercu ◽  
Ripal T. Gandhi ◽  
...  

AbstractThoughtful and accurate dosimetry is critical to obtain the safest and most efficacious yttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization of primary and secondary liver cancers. Three dosimetry models are currently used in clinical practice, namely, body surface area model, medical internal radiation dose model, and the partition model. The objective of this review is to briefly outline the history behind Y90 dosimetry and the difference between the aforementioned models. When applying these three models to a single case, the differences between them are further demonstrated. Each dosimetry model in clinical practice has its own benefits and limitations. Therefore, it is incumbent upon practicing interventional radiologists to be aware of these differences to optimize treatment outcomes for their patients.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Candy Giannina Santacruz Syala

En el tratamiento de CADiT, es deseable suministrar una cantidad de I-131 que sea eficaz para eliminar el tejido neoplásico y que, a la vez, imparta una dosis segura a la médula ósea. Esta dosis debe ser menor a 200 cGy, límite por encima del cual se puede manifestar riesgo de mielotoxicidad. La Dosimetría Interna es la valoración indirecta de la dosis absorbida en un órgano blanco, generada por la actividad de un radionucleido suministrado con fines diagnósticos o terapéuticos. Favorece la protección radiológica del paciente mediante la estimación de la dosis en medula ósea, y en función de ésta, la máxima actividad a ser administrada en el tratamiento (4). El sistema MIRD (“Medical Internal Radiation Dose”) es la metodología general para la estimación de dosis absorbidas en órganos normales y en cuerpo entero. En Paraguay, la actividad de I-131 suministrada para el tratamiento ablativo, se establece de acuerdo a protocolos fijos, elaborados por asociaciones médicas de endocrinología. Una misma actividad no tiene igual efectividad en todos los pacientes, debido a las variantes de la enfermedad y a las diferencias anatómicas y fisiológicas individuales. La finalidad de este estudio es implementar un protocolo de dosimetría interna, adaptada la fisiología de cada paciente y la cinética del radiofármaco.


Radiopraxis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. E30-E40
Author(s):  
Heribert Hänscheid ◽  
Frederik A. Verburg

Bei der Behandlung benigner Schilddrüsenerkrankungen mit 131I ist eine prätherapeutische Dosimetrie zur Bemessung der Therapieaktivität und eine Abschätzung der therapeutisch verabreichten Energiedosis in Deutschland gesetzlich vorgeschrieben. Zur Durchführung der Dosimetrie existieren Handlungsempfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin und der European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Um Methodik und Verfahrensablauf der Dosisbestimmungen national weiter zu harmonisieren, wird aktuell die Norm DIN 6861 – 1 erstellt. Die DIN 6861 – 1 übernimmt viele Empfehlungen der Leitlinien als Forderungen und führt bei den Berechnungen zu vergleichbaren Ergebnissen. Im Detail finden sich aber auch Unterschiede, z. B. wird bei den Berechnungen die Abhängigkeit der absorbierten Energiedosis von der Größe des therapierten Volumens explizit berücksichtigt. Beim Formalismus verlässt die DIN 6861 – 1 die tradierten Schreibweisen und verwendet die international zunehmend als Standard für die Dosimetrie bei innerer Exposition akzeptierte Nomenklatur des Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine. Dem Nutzer wird durch die neue DIN-Norm zudem eine vollständige Liste der für eine nachvollziehbare Dosimetrie notwendigen Dokumentation an die Hand gegeben.


2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Heribert Hänscheid ◽  
Frederik Verburg

ZusammenfassungBei der Behandlung benigner Schilddrüsenerkrankungen mit 131I ist eine prätherapeutische Dosimetrie zur Bemessung der Therapieaktivität und eine Abschätzung der therapeutisch verabreichten Energiedosis in Deutschland gesetzlich vorgeschrieben. Zur Durchführung der Dosimetrie existieren Handlungsempfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin und der European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Um Methodik und Verfahrensablauf der Dosisbestimmungen national weiter zu harmonisieren, wird aktuell die Norm DIN 6861 – 1 erstellt. Die DIN 6861 – 1 übernimmt viele Empfehlungen der Leitlinien als Forderungen und führt bei den Berechnungen zu vergleichbaren Ergebnissen. Im Detail finden sich aber auch Unterschiede, z. B. wird bei den Berechnungen die Abhängigkeit der absorbierten Energiedosis von der Größe des therapierten Volumens explizit berücksichtigt. Beim Formalismus verlässt die DIN 6861 – 1 die tradierten Schreibweisen und verwendet die international zunehmend als Standard für die Dosimetrie bei innerer Exposition akzeptierte Nomenklatur des Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) Committee of the Society of Nuclear Medicine. Dem Nutzer wird durch die neue DIN-Norm zudem eine vollständige Liste der für eine nachvollziehbare Dosimetrie notwendigen Dokumentation an die Hand gegeben.


2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Zolghadri ◽  
Hassan Yousefnia ◽  
Amir Reza Jalilian ◽  
Yousef Fazaeli

<p>Due to interesting therapeutic properties of <sup>177</sup>Lu and tumor avidity of tetraphenyl porphyrins (TPPs), <sup>177</sup>Lu-tetraphenyl porphyrin was developed as a possible therapeutic compound. <sup>177</sup>Lu of 2.6-3 GBq/mg specific activity was obtained by irradiation of natural Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>sample with thermal neutron flux of 4 × 10<sup>13</sup> n.cm<sup>-2</sup>.s<sup>-1</sup>. Tetraphenyl porphyrin was synthetized and labeled with <sup>177</sup>Lu. Radiochemical purity of the complex was studied using Instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC) method. Stability of the complex was checked in final formulation and human serum for 48 h. The biodistribution of the labeled compound in vital organs of wild-type rats was studied up to 7 d. The absorbed dose of each human organ was calculated by medical internal radiation dose (MIRD) method. A detailed comparative pharmacokinetic study was performed for <sup>177</sup>Lu cation and [<sup>177</sup>Lu]-TPP. The complex was prepared with a radiochemical purity: >97±1% and specific activity: 970-1000 MBq/mmol. Biodistribution data and dosimetric results showed that all tissues receive approximately an insignificant absorbed dose due to rapid excretion of the complex through the urinary tract. [<sup>177</sup>Lu]-TPP can be an interesting tumor targeting agent due to low liver uptake and very low absorbed dose of approximately 0.036 to the total body of human.</p>


2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edalat Radfar ◽  
Amir Jalilian ◽  
Hassan Yousefnia ◽  
Ali Bahrami-Samani ◽  
Mohammad Ghannadi-Maragheh

Radio immunotherapy is one of the most important and effective therapies for B-cell non Hoddgkin?s lymphoma treatment. Today, anti CD-20 antibodies labeled with beta emitter radionuclides are used in radio immunotherapy. Various radionuclides for labeling anti CD-20 antibodies have been studied and developed for the treatment and diagnosis of malignancies. This paper describes the preparation, bio-distribution and absorbed dose rate of 111In, 90Y, 177Lu, and 153Sm labeled anti CD-20 antibodies (rituximab) in human organs, after injection to rats. The macro cyclic bifunctional chelating agent, N-succinimidyl-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA-NHS) for conjugation to antibody, was used to prepare DOTA-rituximab. The conjugates were purified by molecular filtration, the average number of DOTA conjugated per mAb was calculated and total concentration was determined by spectrophotometric method. Radio-labeling was performed at 40 ?C for 24 hours. After the quality control studies, the final radioactive solution was injected intravenously into rats through their tail vein. The tissue uptakes of each injection were measured. Then we calculated S values for 177Lu and 153Sm by using specific absorbed fractions and data used in the manner of radio-labeled analysis and dosimetry for humans. The absorbed dose rate of each organ was calculated in the specific time by medical internal radiation dose method with linear approximation in the activity measurements.


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