Seasonal Variation and Source Apportionment of Inorganic and Organic Components in PM2.5: Influence of Organic Markers Application on PMF Source Apportionment

PM2.5 samples collected over a 1-year period in a Chinese megacity were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble ions, elements and organic markers such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, steranes, and n-alkanes. In order to study the applicability of organic markers in source apportionment, this study analyzes the relationship between organic and inorganic components, and four scenarios were implemented by incorporating different combinations of organic and inorganic tracers. A positive correlation of SO42− with 4 rings PAHs can prove that coal burning directly emits a portion of sulfate. A positive correlation of NO3− with 5-7 rings PAHs are found, implying collective impacts from the vehicle source. The concentrations of OC and EC positively correlate with the 5-7 rings PAHs and Cu and Zn, which proves that part of Cu and Zn comes from vehicle emissions. Five factors were identified by incorporating only conventional components, including secondary source (SS, 30%), urban fugitive dust (UFD, 14%), cement dust (CD, 4%), traffic source (TS, 19%) and coal combustion (CC, 14%). Six factors were identified by incorporating conventional components and PAHs, including SS (28%), UFD (15%), CD (4%), CC (13%), gasoline vehicles (GV, 12%) and diesel vehicles (DV, 10%). Eight factors were identified by incorporating conventional components, PAHs, hopanes, and n-alkanes, including SS (26%), UFD (17%), CD (3%), GV (14%), DV (8%), immature coal combustion (ICC, 5%), mature coal combustion (MCC, 10%) and biogenic source (BS, 1%).

Determination and Similarity Analysis of PM2.5 Emission Source Profiles Based on Organic Markers for Monterrey, Mexico

Source attribution of airborne particulate matter (PM) relies on a host of different chemical species. Organic molecular markers are a set of particularly useful marker compounds for estimating source contributions to the fine PM fraction (i.e., PM2.5). Although there are many source apportionment studies based on organic markers, these studies heavily rely on the few studies that report region-specific emission profiles. Source attribution efforts, particularly those conducted in countries with emerging economies, benefit from ad hoc information to conduct the corresponding analyses. In this study, we report organic molecular marker source profiles for PM2.5 emitted from 12 major sources types from five general source categories (meat cooking operations, vehicle exhausts, industries, biomass and trash burning, and urban background) for the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (Mexico). Source emission samples were obtained from a ground-based source-dominated sampling approach. Filter-based instruments were utilized, and the loaded filters were chemically characterized for organic markers by GC-MS. Levoglucosan and cholesterol dominate charbroiled-cooking operation sources while methoxyphenols, PAHs and hopanes dominate open-waste burning, vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions, respectively. A statistical analysis showed values of the Pearson distance < 0.4 and the similarity identity distance > 0.8 in all cases, indicating dissimilar source profiles. This was supported by the coefficient of divergence average values that ranged from 0.62 to 0.72. These profiles could further be utilized in receptor models to conduct source apportionment in regions with similar characteristics and can also be used to develop air pollution abatement strategies.

Source apportionment of PM_2.5 in Shanghai based on hourly molecular organic markers and other source tracers

Identification of various sources and quantification of their contributions are a necessary step to formulating scientifically sound pollution control strategies. Receptor model is widely used in source apportionment of fine particles. However, most of the previous studies are based on traditional filter collection and lab analysis of aerosol chemical species (usually ions, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and elements) as inputs. In this study, we conducted robust online measurements of a range of organic molecular makers and trace elements, in addition to the major aerosol components (ions, OC and EC), in urban Shanghai in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. The large suite of molecular and elemental tracers, together with water-soluble ions, OC and EC, provide data for establishing measurement-based source apportionment methodology for PM2.5. We conducted source apportionment using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and compared PMF solutions with molecular makers added (i.e. MM-PMF) and those without organic markers. MM-PMF identified 11 types of pollution sources, with biomass burning, cooking and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) as the additional sources identified. The three sources accounted for 4.9 %, 2.6 % and 14.7 % of the total PM2.5 mass, respectively. During the whole campaign, the secondary source is an important source of atmospheric pollution, the average contribution of secondary pollution sources is as high as 63.8 % of the total PM2.5 mass. Grouping different sources to secondary and primary, we note that SOC and POC contributed 45.1 % and 54.9 %, respectively. It is worth noting that the contribution of cooking to PM2.5 mass only account for 2.6 %, but it contributed to 10.7 % of OC. Episodic analysis indicated that secondary nitrate was the always the main cause of PM2.5 pollution, while during non-episodic hours, vehicle exhaust made a significant contribution. Through the application of the above-mentioned techniques to the Yangtze River Delta, more insights are gained on the sources, formation mechanism and pollution characteristics of PM2.5 in this region.

COGNITIVE GEOLOGY OF SUPERIMPOSED SCATTERING OF MOBILE ORE ELEMENTS, PROPER FORMS OF MULTISCALE STRUCTURAL STRESS STABILITY, BIOGENETIC ACCESS CODE OF RESOURCES AND FIELD ARTEFACTS

The authors present the theory is numerical / analytical method of multi-scaled 4D geomechanics – geo-dynamics of energy integration in geo-physical rhythms of Eigen-solution of Navier-Stokes equations for multi-level geological time space of evolution in structural compacted mass transfer at the basis of Newton’s Differential Law ∫V∫TρdS·∂2ξ/∂t2 following the integration formula of A. Einstein E(u,t)=ρVC2+∫V∫Tρ‹uv›dtdx. Сreate the theory (Restoration) and Maintenance of Water Eco-System with Given Parameters. They establish the geophysical seismic rhythms of geological cycles in deep structural formations of the Volga-Urals and Siberia and Kamchatka at dissipative emission, adsorption and nuclear magnetic resonance. The authors propose the systematic velocity model of convective diffusion drift of ρ<uv> in deep phase components of heterogenic structures with complexly structured geology in off-shore and global aeration of Middle Ridges from the Urals to the Rocky Mountains. They have also considered the energy time space of more than 4,5 billion years to find the organic markers of quantum photo-synthesis and multiple circulating energy waves in physical and chemical reactions of compacted formation genesis in fissile and relict shales, including the facies with symmetrical absolutely-saturated porosity of classical fields. They establish the geophysical seismic rhythms of geological cycles in deep structural formations of the Volga-Urals and Siberia and Kamchatka at dissipative emission, adsorption and nuclear magnetic resonance. The authors propose the systematic velocity model of convective diffusion drift of ρ‹uv› in deep phase components of heterogenic structures with complexly structured geology in off-shore and global aeration of Middle Ridges from the Urals to the Rocky Mountains. They have also considered the energy time space of more than 4.5 billion years to find the organic markers of quantum photo-synthesis and multiple circulating energy waves in physical and chemical reactions of compacted formation genesis in fissile and relict shales, including the facies with symmetrical absolutely-saturated porosity of classical fields’ cognitive geology, artefacts.