scholarly journals Determination and Similarity Analysis of PM2.5 Emission Source Profiles Based on Organic Markers for Monterrey, Mexico

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 554
Author(s):  
Yasmany Mancilla ◽  
Gerardo Medina ◽  
Lucy T. González ◽  
Pierre Herckes ◽  
Matthew P. Fraser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Source Profiles ◽  
Organic Markers

Source attribution of airborne particulate matter (PM) relies on a host of different chemical species. Organic molecular markers are a set of particularly useful marker compounds for estimating source contributions to the fine PM fraction (i.e., PM2.5). Although there are many source apportionment studies based on organic markers, these studies heavily rely on the few studies that report region-specific emission profiles. Source attribution efforts, particularly those conducted in countries with emerging economies, benefit from ad hoc information to conduct the corresponding analyses. In this study, we report organic molecular marker source profiles for PM2.5 emitted from 12 major sources types from five general source categories (meat cooking operations, vehicle exhausts, industries, biomass and trash burning, and urban background) for the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (Mexico). Source emission samples were obtained from a ground-based source-dominated sampling approach. Filter-based instruments were utilized, and the loaded filters were chemically characterized for organic markers by GC-MS. Levoglucosan and cholesterol dominate charbroiled-cooking operation sources while methoxyphenols, PAHs and hopanes dominate open-waste burning, vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions, respectively. A statistical analysis showed values of the Pearson distance < 0.4 and the similarity identity distance > 0.8 in all cases, indicating dissimilar source profiles. This was supported by the coefficient of divergence average values that ranged from 0.62 to 0.72. These profiles could further be utilized in receptor models to conduct source apportionment in regions with similar characteristics and can also be used to develop air pollution abatement strategies.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Urban Areas of Xiangtan, Central South China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyao Ma ◽  
Zhenghui Xiao ◽  
Lizhi He ◽  
Zongbo Shi ◽  
Yunjiang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
South China ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Wind Speeds

Xiangtan, South China, is characterized by year-round high relative humidity and very low wind speeds. To assess levels of PM2.5, daily samples were collected from 2016 to 2017 at two urban sites. The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were in the range of 30–217 µg/m3, with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in spring. Major water-soluble ions (WSIIs) and total carbon (TC) accounted for 58–59% and 21–24% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively. Secondary inorganic ions (SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+) dominated the WSIIs and accounted for 73% and 74% at the two sites. The concentrations of K, Fe, Al, Sb, Ca, Zn, Mg, Pb, Ba, As, and Mn in the PM2.5 at the two sites were higher than 40 ng/m3, and decreased in the order of winter > autumn > spring. Enrichment factor analysis indicates that Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Tl, and Pb mainly originates from anthropogenic sources. Source apportionment analysis showed that secondary inorganic aerosols, vehicle exhaust, coal combustion and secondary aerosols, fugitive dust, industrial emissions, steel industry are the major sources of PM2.5, contributing 25–27%, 21–22%, 19–21%, 16–18%, 6–9%, and 8–9% to PM2.5 mass.

scholarly journals Ozone source apportionment during peak summer events over southwestern Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa Pay ◽  
Gotzon Gangoiti ◽  
Marc Guevara ◽  
Sergey Napelenok ◽  
Xavier Querol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Target Value ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

Abstract. It is well established that in Europe, high O3 concentrations are most pronounced in southern/Mediterranean countries due to the more favorable climatological conditions for its formation. However, the contribution of the different sources of precursors to O3 formation within each country relative to the imported (regional and hemispheric) O3 is poorly quantified. This lack of quantitative knowledge prevents local authorities from effectively designing plans that reduce the exceedances of the O3 Target Value set by the European Air Quality Directive. O3 source attribution is a challenge because the concentration at each location and time results not only from local biogenic and anthropogenic precursors, but also from the transport of O3 and precursors from neighbouring regions, O3 regional and hemispheric transport and stratospheric O3 injections. Our study applies and thoroughly evaluates a countrywide O3 source apportionment method implemented in a Chemical Transport Model (CTM) at high resolution (4 × 4 km) over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) to understand and quantify the origin of peak O3 events over a 10-day period covering the most frequent synoptic summer conditions in the IP. The method tags both O3 and its gas precursor emissions from source sectors within one simulation and each tagged species is subject to the typical physical processes (advection, vertical mixing, deposition, emission and chemistry) as the actual conditions remain unperturbed. We quantify the individual contributions of the largest NOx local sources to high O3 concentrations compared to the contribution of imported O3. We show for the first time that imported O3 is the largest input to the ground-level O3 concentration in the IP, accounting for 46 % to 68 % of the daily mean O3 concentration during exceedances of the European Target Value. The hourly imported O3 increases during typical northwestern advections (70–90 %, 60–80 µg/m3), and decreases during typical stagnant conditions (30–40 %, 30–60 µg/m3) due to the local NO titration effect. During stagnant conditions, the anthropogenic precursors control the O3 peaks in areas downwind of the main urban and industrial regions (up to 40 % in hourly peaks). We also show that ground-level O3 concentrations are strongly affected by vertical mixing of O3-rich layers present in the free troposphere, which result from local/regional layering and accumulation, and continental/hemispheric transport. Indeed, vertical mixing largely explains the presence of imported O3 at ground level in the Iberian Peninsula. Our results demonstrate the need for detailed quantification of the local and remote contributions to high O3 concentrations for local O3 management, being the O3 source apportionment an essential analysis prior to the design of O3 mitigation plans in any non-attainment area. To achieve the European O3 objectives in southern Europe, ad hoc local actions should be complemented by decided national and European-wide strategies.

A refined source apportionment study of atmospheric PM2.5 during winter heating period in Shijiazhuang, China, using a receptor model coupled with a source-oriented model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoshuang Liu ◽  
Yufen Zhang ◽  
Yinchang Feng ◽  
Qili Dai ◽  
Congbo Song
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Receptor Model ◽  
Heating Period ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Source Category

&lt;p&gt;With the intensification of Chinese source control of air pollution, there is an urgent need for refined and rapid source apportionment techniques. A refined source apportionment method was constructed based on an off-line sampling dataset using a receptor model coupled with a source-oriented model, and the method was implemented in Shijiazhuang during the heating period. The refined results for source apportionment mainly included temporal, spatial, and source-category refinement data. The results indicated that the mean concentration of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; during the heating period was 96 &amp;#956;g/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Organic carbon (OC) and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; were found to be the dominant species of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; during the study. A high correlation was detected between elemental carbon (EC) and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8211;&lt;/sup&gt; on polluted days, which was suggestive of the stagnant condition that accumulates EC and nitrate simultaneously. Secondary particle formation greatly promoted the occurrence of haze events. Secondary sources (34.9%), vehicle exhaust (18.6%), coal combustion (20.0%), industrial emissions (9.2%), crustal dust (9.7%), and biomass burning (7.6%) were the major sources during the heating period. The contributions of secondary sources and vehicle exhaust increased on polluted days, while those of coal combustion, industrial emissions and crustal dust decreased significantly. The contribution percentage of secondary sources from the southeast direction was basically the highest, while those of vehicle exhaust from the northwest or southeast directions were relatively higher as well, likely due to the distribution of traffic arteries. Based on the refined results for the source-category assessment, we found that the heating boilers (17.0%), non-road mobile (13.8%), diesel vehicles (10.4%), residential combustion (6.7%), road dust (5.5%), and architectural material industry (4.9%) were the major contributors to PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt;. There was some uncertainty in the distribution proportions of the refined results, which were derived based on the emission inventory and the results of CALPUFF model.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Source-sector contributions to European ozone and fine PM in 2010 using AQMEII modeling data

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 5643-5664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Karamchandani ◽  
Yoann Long ◽  
Guido Pirovano ◽  
Alessandra Balzarini ◽  
Greg Yarwood
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Air Quality Model ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Energy Transportation

Abstract. Source apportionment modeling provides valuable information on the contributions of different source sectors and/or source regions to ozone (O3) or fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations. This information can be useful in designing air quality management strategies and in understanding the potential benefits of reducing emissions from a particular source category. The Comprehensive Air quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) offers unique source attribution tools, called the Ozone and Particulate Source Apportionment Technology (OSAT/PSAT), which track source contributions. We present results from a CAMx source attribution modeling study for a summer month and a winter month using a recently evaluated European CAMx modeling database developed for Phase 3 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII). The contributions of several source sectors (including model boundary conditions of chemical species representing transport of emissions from outside the modeling domain as well as initial conditions of these species) to O3 or PM2.5 concentrations in Europe were calculated using OSAT and PSAT, respectively. A 1-week spin-up period was used to reduce the influence of initial conditions. Evaluation focused on 16 major cities and on identifying source sectors that contributed above 5 %. Boundary conditions have a large impact on summer and winter ozone in Europe and on summer PM2.5, but they are only a minor contributor to winter PM2.5. Biogenic emissions are important for summer ozone and PM2.5. The important anthropogenic sectors for summer ozone are transportation (both on-road and non-road), energy production and conversion, and industry. In two of the 16 cities, solvent and product also contributed above 5 % to summertime ozone. For summertime PM2.5, the important anthropogenic source sectors are energy, transportation, industry, and agriculture. Residential wood combustion is an important anthropogenic sector in winter for PM2.5 over most of Europe, with larger contributions in central and eastern Europe and the Nordic cities. Other anthropogenic sectors with large contributions to wintertime PM2.5 include energy, transportation, and agriculture.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution, Source Apportionment, Ozone Formation Potential, and Health Risks of Volatile Organic Compounds over a Typical Central Plain City in China

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1365
Author(s):  
Kun He ◽  
Zhenxing Shen ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
Yali Lei ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Ozone Formation ◽  
Industrial Site ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Volatile Organic

The profiles, contributions to ozone formation, and associated health risks of 56 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) species were investigated using high time resolution observations from photochemical assessment monitoring stations (PAMs) in Luoyang, China. The daily averaged concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 21.66 ± 10.34 ppbv in urban areas, 14.45 ± 7.40 ppbv in suburbs, and 37.58 ± 13.99 ppbv in an industrial zone. Overall, the VOCs levels in these nine sites followed a decreasing sequence of alkanes > aromatics > alkenes > alkyne. Diurnal variations in VOCs exhibited two peaks at 8:00–9:00 and 19:00–20:00, with one valley at 23:00–24:00. Source apportionment indicated that vehicle and industrial emissions were the dominant sources of VOCs in urban and suburban sites. The industrial site displayed extreme levels, with contributions from petrochemical-related sources of up to 38.3%. Alkenes and aromatics displayed the highest ozone formation potentials because of their high photochemical reactivity. Cancer and noncancer risks in the industrial site were higher than those in the urban and suburban areas, and USEPA possible risk thresholds were reached in the industrial site, indicating PAMs VOC–related health problems cannot be ignored. Therefore, vehicle and industrial emissions should be prioritized when considering VOCs and O3 control strategies in Luoyang.

scholarly journals Towards a better understanding of the origins, chemical composition and aging of oxygenated organic aerosols: case study of a Mediterranean industrialized environment, Marseille

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 7875-7894 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. El Haddad ◽  
B. D'Anna ◽  
B. Temime-Roussel ◽  
M. Nicolas ◽  
A. Boreave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Organic Markers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Abstract. As part of the FORMES summer 2008 experiment, an Aerodyne compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (cToF-AMS) was deployed at an urban background site in Marseille to investigate the sources and aging of organic aerosols (OA). France's second largest city and the largest port in the Mediterranean, Marseille, provides a locale that is influenced by significant urban industrialized emissions and an active photochemistry with very high ozone concentrations. Particle mass spectra were analyzed by positive matrix factorization (PMF2) and the results were in very good agreement with previous apportionments obtained using a chemical mass balance (CMB) approach coupled to organic markers and metals (El Haddad et al., 2011a). AMS/PMF2 was able to identify for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the organic aerosol emitted by industrial processes. Even with significant industries in the region, industrial OA was estimated to contribute only ~ 5% of the total OA mass. Both source apportionment techniques suggest that oxygenated OA (OOA) constitutes the major fraction, contributing ~ 80% of OA mass. A novel approach combining AMS/PMF2 data with 14C measurements was applied to identify and quantify the fossil and non-fossil precursors of this fraction and to explicitly assess the related uncertainties. Results show with high statistical confidence that, despite extensive urban and industrial emissions, OOA is overwhelmingly non-fossil, formed via the oxidation of biogenic precursors, including monoterpenes. AMS/PMF2 results strongly suggest that the variability observed in the OOA chemical composition is mainly driven in our case by the aerosol photochemical age. This paper presents the impact of photochemistry on the increase of OOA oxygenation levels, formation of humic-like substances (HULIS) and the evolution of α-pinene SOA (secondary OA) components.

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