Wilderness of Waters

This chapter examines the origins of navigational science in the American maritime culture of the early nineteenth century, in marine societies, and in the U.S. Navy, linking the institutionalization of naval science to the broader expansion of American maritime commerce and the evolving role of science in the federal government more broadly. The chapter argues that naval scientists, surveyors, and cartographers saw their work as bringing empirical rationality to a watery wilderness, imposing cartographic order over nature and an appropriation of space in the interests of American maritime commerce. In the process, they aimed to replace folkloric and experiential navigational understandings deeply held by the American seafaring community with a growing embrace of science institutionalized in the federal government and in the American navy specifically.

On Extended Rationality

The discussion highlights the need to distinguish between perceptions and the experiences implicated by perceptions, noting that Coliva’s framework makes perception irrelevant to justified belief, except for being the contingent means by which we are furnished with experiences that are the real source of justified belief. It then addresses two issues concerning the problem of cognitive locality. The problem concerns what enables us rationally to suppose that our perceptual experiences mostly put us in touch with reality. The issues addressed are: (1) whether, assuming that there is a problem of cognitive locality, Coliva’s Moderate position adequately addresses it; and (2) whether Coliva gives us enough to make sense of the claim, central to the Moderate position, that certain background presuppositions are constitutive of empirical rationality.

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN AL-TIBB AL-NABAWI PERSPEKTIF PENELITIAN ILMIAH

This present paper is heavily influenced by this notion of inter-connectivity, trying specifically to demonstrate the correlation between the Prophet traditions on medication and modern health sciences. The Prophet medication project aims not at discovering utterly new ideas, but it reinforces any truth and denies false claims accredited to the Prophet. This paper, thus, focuses on both examining the medication practiced by the Prophet and exercising the accuracy of its sources. The basic argument developed in this paper is that transcendental objectivity within the Prophet traditions and empirical rationality within medical sciences must correlate. Through this examination, this paper concludes that the medication practiced by the Prophet as described in his traditions can be used as complementary to the modern medical treatment. Moreover, as long as it is carried out by using objective and accurate scientific methods, the Prophet medication can be used as an alternative to heal some diseases which modern medication has not found their cures. Keywords: Prophet traditions, prophet medication, scientific methods.