Recording of Bipolar Multichannel ECGs by a Smartwatch: Modern ECG Diagnostic 100 Years after Einthoven

Aims: Feasibility study of accurate three lead ECG recording (Einthoven I, II and III) using an Apple Watch Series 4. Methods: In 50 healthy subjects (18 male; age: 40 ± 12 years) without known cardiac disorders, a 12-lead ECG and three bipolar ECGs, corresponding to Einthoven leads I, II and III were recorded using an Apple Watch Series 4. Einthoven I was recorded with the watch on the left wrist and the right index finger on the crown, Einthoven II with the watch on the left lower abdomen and the right index finger on the crown, Eindhoven III with the watch on the left lower abdomen and the left index finger on the crown. Four experienced cardiologists were independently asked to assign the watch ECGs to Einthoven leads from 12-lead ECG for each subject. Results: All watch ECGs showed an adequate signal quality with 134 ECGs of good (89%) and 16 of moderate signal quality (11%). Ninety-one percent of all watch ECGs were assigned correctly to corresponding leads from 12-lead ECG. Thirty-nine subjects (78%) were assigned correctly by all cardiologists. All assignment errors occurred in patients with similar morphologies and amplitudes in at least two of the three recorded leads. Erroneous assignment of all watch ECGs to leads from standard ECG occurred in no patient. Conclusion: Recording of Einthoven leads I-III by a smartwatch is accurate and highly comparable to standard ECG. This might contribute to an earlier detection of cardiac disorders, which are associated with repolarization abnormalities or arrhythmias.

A Revision of the Stereochemistry of Lactucin

On the basis of circular dichroism measurements on lactucin, hydroxyachillin, and acetoxyachillin the stereochemistry of the C-5 hydrogen has been revised to the 5α configuration. The reasons for the former erroneous assignment are reexamined and the structures of several hexahydrolactucin derivatives are reinterpreted.

Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism of diastereoisomers. I. The ephedrines and chloramphenicols

Optical rotatory dispersion (o.r.d.) and circular dichroism measurements are reported for all four diastereoisomers in both the ephedrine and chloramphenicol series. The Cotton effect associated with the 1Lb absorption band is a reliable guide to absolute configuration in both series whereas the 1La band is not. Circular dichroism measurements are preferred as the 1La band dominates the o.r.d. curves to such an extent that erroneous assignment is quite possible. An attempt to relate the sign and intensity of the 1Lb Cotton effect with rotamer population failed due to lack of apparent correlation.