88 Family Absence at the Bedside during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Primary Subject area Hospital Paediatrics Background Child and family-centered care, a partnership approach to health care decision-making, is central to paediatric practice. To reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2, healthcare institutions implemented policies to protect staff, patients and families. Family presence at the bedside was reduced to one caregiver, except in special circumstances requiring pre-approval by hospital leadership. Objectives We explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric healthcare delivery, focusing on family presence. We describe the clinician's experience of restricted family presence during the COVID-19 pandemic in a paediatric hospital. Design/Methods Physicians, trainees, and nurses at The Hospital for Sick Children completed surveys between March-August 2020 to identify patients they perceived to have experienced a suboptimal quality of care or health-outcome related to changes that had occurred as a result of the pandemic and describe the impact. Data were analyzed via case report and thematic analysis. As part of a larger study, here we report on cases related to family presence in the hospital. Results A total of 212 clinicians reported 116 cases; eighteen cases specified an impact on child and family-centered care. Nine cases related to patient experiences and nine to family experiences of the restricted family presence policy. Clinicians reported a perceived distress in patients due to family members not being present. 6267 family restriction exemption requests were received. Cases described families who opted for a different location for end-of-life care so that extended family could be present. Further cases highlighted how important conversations such as disclosure of diagnosis involved one parent present and the other joining remotely. Siblings were also reported to be impacted by visitor restrictions and closure of the sibling play area. Exclusions were also reported to be challenging for children with complex medical needs and technology dependency whereby two-caregivers were often required. Clinicians reported experiencing stress and moral distress as part of being required to support family restriction policies, impairing their ability to provide care. Conclusion Family presence policies are a critical component of child and family-centered care and have been impacted by the pandemic as described both by family and clinician stress. Recommendations based on these findings would include: facilitating two-caregiver presence to support shared decision making, regular remote meetings to communicate information with families in cases where they cannot be physically present; using remote technology or implementing allotted visitation time for siblings, reviewing exceptions to caregiver restrictions, and mental health supports for clinicians such as peer-support groups, or wellness workshops.

Evidence for the involvement of gene conversion in meiotic instability of the Rp1 rust resistance genes of maize

Rp1 is a complex rust resistance locus of maize. Susceptible recombinants can be observed at variable frequencies from different Rp1 heterozygotes and homozygotes by crossing-over and unequal crossing-over. In addition, susceptible progeny have been observed from one heterozygote that were not associated with crossing-over, as indicated by flanking marker analysis. We analyzed testcross progeny from this cross (Rp1-C/Rp1-J) and a related cross (Rp1-F/Rp1-J) to identify noncrossover type derivatives, to estimate their frequency, and to determine the mechanism by which they arise. Testcross progeny were screened sequentially with two different rust isolates to assay each gene individually. Both susceptible noncrossover types and those with the combined resistance of each parent were identified in approximately equal frequencies. Patterns of recombination indicated that the noncrossover type derivatives arose by gene conversion as opposed to mutation or intrachromosomal crossing-over. While gene conversion events were observed frequently in both crosses (approx. 7 × 10−4), they were less frequent than crossover derivatives. Key words: Puccinia, disease resistance, recombination, gene family, restriction fragment length polymorphism.