. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS SOILS OF THE BELIGATIVE STRUCTURES OF THE KAMIANETS-PODILSKYI KAMIANETS-PODILSKYI STATE HISTORICAL RESERVE MUSEUM

The article presents micromorphological descriptions of soil profiles of key areas of the research territory. The results of micromorphological analysis and synthesis of selected soil samples are illustrated. For the first time the process-and-genetic features of urborendzins of beligerative structures were studied through the evaluation of their micromorphological structure. Urborendzins of the beligerative landscape complex of the Kamianets-Podilskyi State Historical Preserve Museum are intrazonal biolithogenic polygenetic soils with complex phylogeny exposed to a long-term anthropogenic influence. It is important to establish their genesis, which is accompanied by a number of obstacles caused by the significant amplitude of the soil profile, morphological features, physical-and-chemical features and the presence of buried horizons in such soils. To solve the problem of age and ontogenesis staging of urborendzins, along with comparative-and-geographical, we use a complex paleopedological method with active application of micromorphological analysis, which allows to establish process-and-genetic features of soils by diagnosing elementary soil processes according to sustainable features at the micro level of solid phase formation. Micromorphological structure evaluation makes it possible to consider soil as a system at the microscopic level and observe the natural flow of soil-forming processes in their interaction and ratio at all morphological levels - from microscopically small volumes of soil mass to soil profile in general. Consequently, micromorphological analysis is a unique one and possesses significant advantages over other methods of physical geography. Urborendzins of the object under study have a complex problematic genesis and the use of micromorphological analysis and micromorphological synthesis is acceptable to solve these problems. The evaluation of the micromorphological structure of these soils was carried out for the first time, their micromorphological features were not previously determined as well as the genesis in general. Our micromorphological analysis allowed us to establish the process-and-diagnostic features of the studied soils and shows that in comparison with the background soil, the deposits of the «Day Tower» are more carbonated. Under the conditions of the washing regime, fragments of limestone deposits provide constant involvement of new weathered carbonated material in soil formation processes, which promotes saturation of soil solutions with calcium cations and, accordingly, formation of more stable microaggregation of soil mass and reduction of mobility of silty particles downwards the profile, fixed through by micromorphological researches in the form of the presence of high-order microaggregates. Comparing the background soil with the sediments of the «Day Tower», it can be stated that the agrorendzin typical, in contrast to urborendzin, leached from carbonates, is characterized by the practical absence of microorshteins, humic substances are mainly in a dispersed state and signs of movement of organo-clay substances downwards the profile can be traced much more clearly. This indicates that the background agrorendzin is formed under conditions of active biogenic and accumulative processes, carbonate leaching and illimerization. Key words: micromorphological analysis, synthesis, soil, beligerative complex.

Micromorphological Analysis of Primary Second Molar with Molar-incisor Malformation : A Case Report

Molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is characterized by malformation in the root with a normal crown. While MIM mostly occurs in the permanent first molar, it has also been reported in the maxillary central incisor and the primary second molar (PSM), but anatomical analysis of the primary teeth with MIM has not been studied to date. In this case report, a patient with MIM was reported, and an extracted PSM with MIM was analyzed with micro computed tomography (CT). A cervical constriction morphology of the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) can be observed in extracted PSM. In micro CT analysis, characteristics such a mineralized plate (cervical mineralized diaphragm) in the CEJ area, complex root canal morphologies, a calcified mass inside the pulp chamber, and constricted pulp chamber of crown portion were observed.

Red-coloured pedosediments of the Lori Basin, Armenia

<p>In this work, the samples of red-coloured pedosediments were analyzed. They were found in two sections of the Lori Basin, Armenia - Kurtan-IV and Yagdan. Micromorphological analysis, the measurement of magnetic susceptibility, particle size distribution, CHN, determination of bulk, and biomorphic composition was made. Based on the results of previous studies, the age of the deposits overlying these sections was known. The pedosediment from the Kurtan-IV section is overlain by a mixture of sand and volcanic ash, which is dated at about 1.4 Ma (Calabrian). The pedosediment from the Yagdan section is overlain by 2-2.5 Ma basaltic lava (Gelasian). As a result of our research, it was revealed that both pedosediments were formed in conditions differ from current ones and have differences between themselves also. The pedosediment from the Yagdan section was formed during the dominance of the subtropical climate. It was revealed the presence of manganese-ferruginous and clayey films, a low index of carbonization and salinity, and a relatively high index of weathering. Pedo-sediments from the Yagdan section can be classified as Cambisols with vitric, argic, chromic qualifiers. By the time the later section Kurtan-IV was formed, the climate became cooler, which was reconstructed by the appearance of phytoliths of coniferous plants. Pedosediment from the Kurtan-IV section can be classified as Stagnic Luvisols. The later factors influencing the preservation of pedosediments and changes in their composition and properties were identified. Thus, the upper horizon of the Yagdan section sharply differs from the underlying ones in increased weathering and oxidation, and these properties are retained up to the third layer. It has increased indicators of magnetic susceptibility and the content of copper elements, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, chromium, which were brought in by basalt lava. The pedosediment from the Kurtan-IV section was overlain by lacustrine deposits, which led to a decrease in the magnetic susceptibility and an increase in the SiO<sub>2</sub> content and carbonation index. This work was supported by RFBR, grant N19-29-05024 mk.</p>

Corrosion and Micromorphological Analysis of Temporary Stainless Steel and Titanium Alloy Anchorage Devices

The aim of this study was to compare the surface micromorphology and corrosion resistance of diferent temporary anchoragedevices (TADs) composed of titanium alloy (SIN®) and stainless steel (DAT Steel® and Bio Ray®). Ten samples of eachTAD were submitted to qualitative analyses using energy-dispersive and scanning electronic microscopy before and afterimmersion in artifcial saliva (1500 ppm of fuoride) for 30 days. The chemical analysis was done by X-ray fuorescence,and the corrosion tests were performed by electrochemical means (open circuit potential—OCP, potentiostat, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy—EIS, using anodic potentiodynamic polarization curves). Passive flm resistance (PFR)and corrosion current were established. The corrosion rate was determined by the mass loss test. Greater smoothness andfewer machining defects were observed for the stainless steel TAD before artifcial saliva immersion. Comparatively, highercorrosion resistance was found for titanium alloy TAD after immersion in saliva. There was no release of ions into the TADwhen immersed in artifcial saliva. ANOVA and Tukey tests showed that OCP (V) was signifcantly lower for the titaniumalloy TAD (p=0.030) than the stainless steel brands. Epite (V) and Epite−OCP (V) were signifcantly higher for the titaniumalloy TAD (p=0.0009 and p=0.0005, respectively). Stainless steel TADs presented lower roughness surface than titaniumalloy TAD, although the latter presented higher corrosion resistance than the former

The Marfa Kurgan in the Stavropol Territory: An Example of an Ancient Architectural Structure

This study focuses on the analysis of structural elements of the Marfa kurgan in the Stavropol Territory. We list and examine terms referring to such elements, and suggest our own. A description of the kurgan, its natural environment, excavation techniques, sampling, and analytical methods is provided. The material of which the kurgan was made is assessed, and its advantages over other materials are demonstrated. We studied mud blocks (or “bricks”), their clay coatings, and a striped adobe element from the kurgan. Results of chemical and granulometric analyses are outlined, along with those of the micromorphological analysis of soils underlying the kurgan, of the material of which the “bricks” and the coatings were made. The blocks were molded by thoroughly kneading and compacting a moistened material consisting of loess with the addition of river silt, without plant admixture. Clay coatings were much denser, as it consisted of a coherent finely dispersed clay-carbonate material. Clay mortar, similar to coatings in composition and properties, was used to connect the blocks and the stones of the crepidoma. The same mortar was used for foundations of clay “bricks” buildings. The adobe element with thinnest variously colored stripes resulted from a destruction of an earlier structure.