Trauma bonding: концепции, причины и механизмы интимных отношений

Когда после инцидента с насилием устанавливаются сильные эмоциональные связи, чтобы связать двух людей, возникает травма, называемая в литературе trauma bonding. Это эмоциональная зависимость между двумя людьми в отношениях, характеризующихся периодами жестокого обращения, насилия и дисбаланса власти, с узами интенсивной связи, когнитивных искажений и поведенческих стратегий обоих людей, которые, как это ни парадоксально, укрепляют и поддерживают связь, что отражено в порочном круге насилия. Однако в Бразилии отсутствует литература и научные исследования по этому вопросу, что подчеркивает необходимость точного и глубокого изучения, поскольку причины и последствия травма связи не совсем ясны, что требует понимания и лечения людей. как и их выздоровление, процесс медленный и болезненный. Таким образом, данное исследование руководствуется вопросом: что такое bonding травма и каковы ее механизмы? Таким образом, общая цель была определена как общая цель анализа bonding травма в романтических отношениях, чтобы пролить свет на нейропсихобиологические процессы травма, возникающей в интимных отношениях, и исследовать причины, по которым жертвы остаются в патологических отношениях. Стокгольмский синдром и посттравматический стрессовое расстройство у жертв жестокого обращения в романтических отношениях как генераторы bonding травма. Для контекстуализации, анализа и проверки теоретической основы, использованной в проведенном исследовании, использовалась методология обзора литературы или библиографического обзора, основанного на чтении, выборе и анализе текстов разных жанров, таких как записи, обзоры и связанные с ними научные статьи к предмету, и которые были опубликованы в журналах и газетах в этом районе. Был сделан вывод, что несколько эмоциональных и нейропсихобиологических факторов выступают в качестве причины связующей травма в отношениях.

Trauma bonding: conceitos, causas e mecanismos em relacionamentos íntimos

Quando, após incidente violento, fortes vínculos emocionais são estabelecidos, de modo a conectar duas pessoas, tem-se a instalação de um trauma denominado pela literatura como trauma bonding. Trata-se de uma dependência emocional entre duas pessoas, em um relacionamento caracterizado por períodos de abuso, violência e desequilíbrio de poder, com vínculos de intensa conexão, distorção cognitiva e estratégias comportamentais de ambos os indivíduos que, paradoxalmente, fortalecem e mantêm o vínculo, o que se reflete no ciclo vicioso da violência. Contudo, constata-se a falta de literatura e pesquisa científica acerca da temática no Brasil, que ressalta a necessidade de um estudo apurado e profundo, uma vez que as causas e efeitos do trauma bonding ainda não são exatamente claros, o que torna o entendimento e tratamento dos indivíduos, bem como sua recuperação, um processo lento e doloroso. Deste modo, esta pesquisa orienta-se pelo questionamento: o que que é trauma bonding e quais são seus mecanismos? Assim, definiu-se como objetivo geral analisar o trauma bonding em relacionamentos amorosos, no intuito de dar luz aos processos neuropsicobiológicos do trauma gerado em relacionamentos íntimos e investigar as razões pelas quais as vítimas permanecem em relacionamentos patológicos, abordaremos, também, o funcionamento da Síndrome de Estocolmo e do estresse pós-traumático em vítimas de abuso em relacionamentos amorosos como fatores geradores do trauma bonding. Para contextualização, problematização e validação do quadro teórico utilizado na investigação empreendida, a metodologia utilizada foi a revisão de literatura ou revisão bibliográfica, a partir da leitura, seleção e análise de textos de diferentes gêneros, como fichamentos, resenhas e artigos científicos relacionados ao assunto e que foram publicados em revistas e jornais da área. Concluiu-se que diversos fatores emocionais e neuropsicobiológicos apresentam-se como a causa para que o trauma bonding se estabeleça dentro de uma relação.

Trauma Bonding: concepts, causes and mechanisms in intimate relationships

When, after a violent incident, strong emotional bonds are established in order to connect two people, there is the installation of a trauma called by the literature as bonding trauma. It is an emotional dependence between two people, in a relationship characterized by periods of abuse, violence and power imbalance, with bonds of intense connection, cognitive distortion and behavioral strategies of both individuals that paradoxically strengthen and maintain the bond, which is reflected in the vicious cycle of violence. However, there is a lack of literature and scientific research on the subject in Brazil, which highlights the need for a refined and in-depth study, since the causes and effects of bonding trauma are still not exactly clear, which makes the understanding and treatment of individuals, as well as their recovery, a slow and painful process. Thus, this research is guided by the question: what is bonding trauma and what are its mechanisms? Thus, it was defined as the general objective to analyze bonding trauma in loving relationships, in order to give birth to the neuropsychobiological processes of trauma generated in intimate relationships and to investigate the reasons why victims remain in pathological relationships, we will also address the functioning of Stockholm Syndrome and posttraumatic stress in victims of abuse in loving relationships as factors that generate bonding trauma. For contextualization, problematization and validation of the theoretical framework used in the research undertaken, the methodology used was the literature review or bibliographic review, from the reading, selection and analysis of texts of different genres, such as records, reviews and scientific articles related to the subject and which were published in journals and newspapers in the area. It was concluded that several emotional and neuropsychobiological factors are the cause for bonding trauma to be established within a relationship.

Trauma Bonding Perspectives From Service Providers and Survivors of Sex Trafficking: A Scoping Review

A trauma bond is an emotional attachment between an abuser and victim. Trauma bonds in sex trafficking compel victims to submit to continued exploitation and protect the trafficker. This scoping review examines trauma bonds in sex trafficking situations, its conceptualizations, and key characteristics. Ten databases were searched using sex trafficking AND trauma bonding–related terms; sex trafficking AND Stockholm syndrome, attachment, coercion, and manipulation. Articles were included if they featured trauma bonding, were published in English after 2013, or featured sex trafficking victims or traffickers in a Western country. Fifteen articles were included. The features of trauma bonding identified in these articles were (1) imbalance of power that favors trafficker, (2) traffickers’ deliberate use of positive and negative interactions, (3) victim’s gratitude for positive interactions and self-blame for the negative, and (4) victim’s internalization of perpetrator’s view. We also identified four aspects related to trauma bonding: (1) prior trauma made victims vulnerable, (2) victim’s feelings of love remained even after exiting trafficking, (3) love is why victims do not prosecute traffickers, and (4) traffickers’ intentional cultivation of the trauma bond. No article indicated how trauma bonds could be severed and replaced with healthy attachments. These findings reveal the need for practitioners and law enforcement and criminal justice professionals to address trauma bonding in both trafficking and posttrafficking situations. The findings also represent potential targets for urgently needed interventions that promote the replacement of trauma bonds with healthy attachments.

Enduring good memories of infant trauma: Rescue of adult neurobehavioral deficits via amygdala serotonin and corticosterone interaction

Children form a strong attachment to their caregiver—even when that caretaker is abusive. Paradoxically, despite the trauma experienced within this relationship, the child develops a preference for trauma-linked cues—a phenomenon known as trauma bonding. Although infant trauma compromises neurobehavioral development, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between infant trauma bonding (i.e., learned preference for trauma cues) and the long-term effects of trauma (i.e., depressive-like behavior, amygdala dysfunction) are unknown. We modeled infant trauma bonding by using odor-shock conditioning in rat pups, which engages the attachment system and produces a life-long preference for the odor that was paired with shock. In adulthood, this trauma-linked odor rescues depressive-like behavior and amygdala dysfunction, reduces corticosterone (CORT) levels, and exerts repair-related changes at the molecular level. Amygdala microarray after rescue implicates serotonin (5-HT) and glucocorticoids (GCs), and a causal role was verified through microinfusions. Blocking amygdala 5-HT eliminates the rescue effect; increasing amygdala 5-HT and blocking systemic CORT mimics it. Our findings suggest that infant trauma cues share properties with antidepressants and safety signals and provide insight into mechanisms by which infant trauma memories remain powerful throughout life.