From the formation of embryonic appendages to the color of wings: Conserved and novel roles of aristaless1 in butterfly development

Highly diverse butterfly wing patterns have emerged as a powerful system for understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic variation. While the genetic basis of this pattern variation is being clarified, the precise developmental pathways linking genotype to phenotype are not well understood. The gene aristaless, which plays a role in appendage patterning and extension, has been duplicated in Lepidoptera. One copy, aristaless1, has been shown to control a white/yellow color switch in the butterfly Heliconius cydno, suggesting a novel function associated with color patterning and pigmentation. Here we investigate the developmental basis of al1 in embryos, larvae and pupae using new antibodies, CRISPR/Cas9, RNAi, qPCR assays of downstream targets and pharmacological manipulation of an upstream activator. We find that Al1 is expressed at the distal tips of developing embryonic appendages consistent with its ancestral role. In developing wings, we observe Al1 accumulation within developing scale cells of white H. cydno during early pupation while yellow scale cells exhibit little Al1 at this timepoint. Reduced Al1 expression is also associated with yellow scale development in al1 knockouts and knockdowns. We also find that Al1 expression appears to downregulate the enzyme Cinnabar and other genes that synthesize and transport the yellow pigment, 3–Hydroxykynurenine (3-OHK). Finally, we provide evidence that Al1 activation is under the control of Wnt signaling. We propose a model in which high levels of Al1 during early pupation, which are mediated by Wnt, are important for melanic pigmentation and specifying white portions of the wing while reduced levels of Al1 during early pupation promote upregulation of proteins needed to move and synthesize 3-OHK, promoting yellow pigmentation. In addition, we discuss how the ancestral role of aristaless in appendage extension may be relevant in understanding the cellular mechanism behind color patterning in the context of the heterochrony hypothesis.

Laporan Kasus: Pria 60 tahun dengan Eritroderma et causa Dermatitis Seboroik

AbstrakEritroderma merupakan peradangan kulit mengenai 90% atau lebih permukaan kulit biasanya disertai skuama. Pasien laki-laki berusia 60 tahun datang ke RSUD Dr. Wahidin Sudiro Husodo dengan keluhan muncul bercak merah disertai rasa gatal dan kulit mengelupas di seluruh tubuh sejak 1 hari yang lalu. Gatal lebih dirasakan saat berkeringat. Dijumpai sisik berwarna putih teraba kasar di bagian wajah dan sisik kekuningan di bagian kepala. Diketahui ada riwayat alergi pemakaian antibiotik dan analgesik pasca operasi. Pasien juga memiliki riwayat rawat inap berulang lebih dari 5 kali dengan keluhan yang sama, dilakukan biopsi kulit terhadap pasien. Tujuan biopsi untuk mengetahui penyebab eritroderma, mencegah kekambuhan dan memberikan tatalaksana yang tepat bagi pasien. Hasil biopsi kulit ditemukan sel parakeratosis dan sel spongiosis, namun tidak ditemukan sel-sel ganas.Kata Kunci: Eritroderma, Alergi Obat, Biopsi KulitCase Report: A 60 years old man with Erythroderma ec. Seborrhoic DermatitisAbstractErythroderma is a skin inflammation that affects 90% or more on the surface of the skin, usually accompanied by scaly. A 60-years-old male patient came to Wahidin Sudiro Husodo General Hospital with complaints red patches itchy and flaking skin all over the body since 1 day ago. Itching is more felt when sweating. Found rough scaly patches of erythema all over the faces and yellow scale around head’s patient. There is a history of allergies to antibiotics and postoperative anesthetics. Patient also has a repeated hospitalization for more than 5 times with the same complaint. Biopsies have been performed with the aim of determining the cause of erythroderma, preventing recurrence and proper treatment. Examination of skin biopsy results found parakeratosis cells and spongiosis cells, but no malignant cells were found.Keyword: Erythroderma, Drug Eruption, Skin Biopsy

Varying the Color of Mammography Display Improves the Detectability of Microcalcifications

Purpose: This study assessed whether varying the color of the display improves the detectability of microcalcifications on mammography. Materials and Methods: The American College of Radiology (ACR) 156 mammographic phantom was imaged under three different conditions. Ten observers evaluated the depiction of 30 phantom microcalcifications presented in six color-scales: red, green, yellow, blue, and cyan. Differences in the detectability of macrocalcifications and eye and psychological fatigue among the different color scales were assessed. Results: Yellow-scale images improved the detectability of microcalcifications to a significantly greater extent than did the other colors: relative to blue and red, P < 0.01; relative to gray, green, and cyan, P < 0.05. The cyan display induced the least eye fatigue. While no difference in eye fatigue induced by the yellow and gray displays was found, displays of these colors were associated with significantly less eye fatigue than the green-scale (P < 0.01), red-scale, and blue-scale displays (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The detectability of microcalcifications on mammography can be improved by changing the color scale in which mammograms are visualized from gray to yellow.