The Truman Administration and Non-use of the Atomic Bomb During the Korean War, June 1950 to January 1953

<p>This thesis examines the Truman administration's non-use of nuclear weapons during the Korean War, June 1950 to January 1953. It investigates the entirety of the Truman administration's experience of the Korean War, rather than focusing on certain key periods. By examining official documentation, memoirs, newspaper reports, and information about public opinion, this thesis explains why the Truman administration chose not to utilise the atomic arsenal. It examines the opinions and influence of significant decision makers such as President Harry S. Truman, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, and Director of the Policy Planning Staff Paul H. Nitze. Truman, as president and ultimate decision maker, will be paid special attention, not least on account of his unique experience of having ordered the atomic attacks on Japan in 1945. This thesis also looks into the position of high-ranking military officers, such as General Omar N. Bradley, General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, and General Matthew B. Ridgway. In order to explain non-use, this thesis also investigates the influence of foreign allies and foreign opinion, particularly that expressed by the United Kingdom, the United States' most important ally. The role of public opinion within the United States is also considered. By examining in detail all of these factors and building a composite picture of the forces acting upon the administration, this thesis provides a more rounded and nuanced view of non-use by the Truman administration during the Korean War than that offered by the existing scholarship. It demonstrates that non-use was always a complex and problematic matter.</p>

The Truman Administration and Non-use of the Atomic Bomb During the Korean War, June 1950 to January 1953

<p>This thesis examines the Truman administration's non-use of nuclear weapons during the Korean War, June 1950 to January 1953. It investigates the entirety of the Truman administration's experience of the Korean War, rather than focusing on certain key periods. By examining official documentation, memoirs, newspaper reports, and information about public opinion, this thesis explains why the Truman administration chose not to utilise the atomic arsenal. It examines the opinions and influence of significant decision makers such as President Harry S. Truman, Secretary of State Dean Acheson, and Director of the Policy Planning Staff Paul H. Nitze. Truman, as president and ultimate decision maker, will be paid special attention, not least on account of his unique experience of having ordered the atomic attacks on Japan in 1945. This thesis also looks into the position of high-ranking military officers, such as General Omar N. Bradley, General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, and General Matthew B. Ridgway. In order to explain non-use, this thesis also investigates the influence of foreign allies and foreign opinion, particularly that expressed by the United Kingdom, the United States' most important ally. The role of public opinion within the United States is also considered. By examining in detail all of these factors and building a composite picture of the forces acting upon the administration, this thesis provides a more rounded and nuanced view of non-use by the Truman administration during the Korean War than that offered by the existing scholarship. It demonstrates that non-use was always a complex and problematic matter.</p>

Completion of electronic nursing documentation of inpatient admission assessment: insights from Australian metropolitan hospitals

INTRODUCTION: Electronic nursing documentation is an essential aspect of inpatient care and multidisciplinary communication. Analysing data in electronic medical record (eMR) systems can assist in understanding clinical workflows, improving care quality, and promoting efficiency in the healthcare system. This study aims to assess timeliness of completion of an electronic nursing admission assessment form and identify patient and facility factors associated with form completion in three metropolitan hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 37,512 adult inpatient admissions (November 2018-November 2019) were extracted from the hospitals eMR system. A dichotomous variable descriptive of completion of the nursing assessment form (Yes/No) was created. Timeliness of form completion was calculated as the interval between date and time of admission and form completion. Univariate and multivariate multilevel logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with form completion. RESULTS: An admission assessment form was completed for 78.4% (n=29,421) of inpatient admissions. Of those, 78% (n=22,953) were completed within the first 24 hours of admission, 13.3% (n=3,910) between 24-72 hours from admission, and 8.7% (n=2558) beyond 72 hours from admission. Patient length of hospital stay, admission time, and admitting units nursing hours per patient day were associated with form completion. Patient gender, age, and admitting unit type were not associated with form completion. DISCUSSION: Form completion rate was high, though more emphasis needs to be placed on the importance of timely completion to allow for adequate patient care planning. Staff education, qualitative understanding of delayed form completion, and streamlined guidelines on nursing admission and eMR use are recommended.

Employment lands in Toronto: a case for conversion in urban centres and in the vicinity of transit stations

Deindustrialization and rapid population growth in the City of Toronto has resulted in greater employment land conversion pressures being placed on underutilized and vacant Employment Areas (Blais, 2015; Filon 2003). In 2013, City Planning Staff made recommendations to City Council for the preservation or conversion of specific employment land application requests under the City of Toronto’s Municipal Comprehensive Review process (City of Toronto, 2013). This paper will examine five employment land conversion applications in Toronto’s inner suburbs, the Scarborough Urban Growth Centre and within 500 meters of the Mimico GO Station through a content analysis of City Planning Staff’s recommendations along with the property owner’s rationales. It was found that the five sites should be converted to better meet the Provincial and Municipal planning policy requirements that align with Smart Growth’s objectives. The five sites pose minimal land use compatibility conflicts, require increases in population and employment density, and are isolated from larger Employment Areas.

Employment lands in Toronto: a case for conversion in urban centres and in the vicinity of transit stations

Deindustrialization and rapid population growth in the City of Toronto has resulted in greater employment land conversion pressures being placed on underutilized and vacant Employment Areas (Blais, 2015; Filon 2003). In 2013, City Planning Staff made recommendations to City Council for the preservation or conversion of specific employment land application requests under the City of Toronto’s Municipal Comprehensive Review process (City of Toronto, 2013). This paper will examine five employment land conversion applications in Toronto’s inner suburbs, the Scarborough Urban Growth Centre and within 500 meters of the Mimico GO Station through a content analysis of City Planning Staff’s recommendations along with the property owner’s rationales. It was found that the five sites should be converted to better meet the Provincial and Municipal planning policy requirements that align with Smart Growth’s objectives. The five sites pose minimal land use compatibility conflicts, require increases in population and employment density, and are isolated from larger Employment Areas.

Barriers to meeting density targets in suburban communities - a case study look at Markham Centre

Ontario provincial policy has identified 25 Urban Growth Centres in the Greater Golden Horseshoe. Most of these centres are located in municipalities where suburban policies and practices are well entrenched in community development. Markham Centre is studied in detail, where interviews were conducted with municipal planning staff and development industry professionals, to investigate how municipalities are facilitating urban development while trying to meet provincial density targets. The study further attempts to understand the challenges which confront willing developers in building higher densities within the suburban planning context. The role of outside agencies, development charges, parkland dedication and parking requirements, were all identified as barriers to high density development, while the co-operative relationship between the municipality and the developers, the structure of the planning department, the use of an advisory committee and the use of a more prescriptive zoning bylaw were all heralded as aiding development within the city.

Barriers to meeting density targets in suburban communities - a case study look at Markham Centre

Ontario provincial policy has identified 25 Urban Growth Centres in the Greater Golden Horseshoe. Most of these centres are located in municipalities where suburban policies and practices are well entrenched in community development. Markham Centre is studied in detail, where interviews were conducted with municipal planning staff and development industry professionals, to investigate how municipalities are facilitating urban development while trying to meet provincial density targets. The study further attempts to understand the challenges which confront willing developers in building higher densities within the suburban planning context. The role of outside agencies, development charges, parkland dedication and parking requirements, were all identified as barriers to high density development, while the co-operative relationship between the municipality and the developers, the structure of the planning department, the use of an advisory committee and the use of a more prescriptive zoning bylaw were all heralded as aiding development within the city.

Barriers To Mid-Rise Development in Suburban Communities in the Greater Toronto Area

Well designed mid-rise developments are generally recognized for their ability to contribute to intensification goals while at the same time being pedestrian friendly, human scale and compatible with low density neighbourhoods and historic districts. Despite these benefits, mid-rise residential developments between four and twelve storeys are comparatively rare in Greater Toronto Area suburban communities. To assess this disparity, interviews were conducted with municipal planning staff and development industry stakeholders to investigate the financial, regulatory and housing market variables that impact development of mid-rise projects. Building code, parking requirements, land costs and municipal policies and processes were all identified as contributing to high development costs for mid-rise. The market for mid-rise consists largely of affluent households without children that prefer neighbourhoods with good transit connections, vibrant street life and a wide range of amenities. These factors limit the number of locations where mid-rise can be profitably developed in suburban communities. Keywords: Mid-rise housing, smart growth, suburban communities, municipal policy

Barriers To Mid-Rise Development in Suburban Communities in the Greater Toronto Area

Well designed mid-rise developments are generally recognized for their ability to contribute to intensification goals while at the same time being pedestrian friendly, human scale and compatible with low density neighbourhoods and historic districts. Despite these benefits, mid-rise residential developments between four and twelve storeys are comparatively rare in Greater Toronto Area suburban communities. To assess this disparity, interviews were conducted with municipal planning staff and development industry stakeholders to investigate the financial, regulatory and housing market variables that impact development of mid-rise projects. Building code, parking requirements, land costs and municipal policies and processes were all identified as contributing to high development costs for mid-rise. The market for mid-rise consists largely of affluent households without children that prefer neighbourhoods with good transit connections, vibrant street life and a wide range of amenities. These factors limit the number of locations where mid-rise can be profitably developed in suburban communities. Keywords: Mid-rise housing, smart growth, suburban communities, municipal policy