Auxin and pectin remodeling interplay during rootlet emergence in white lupin

Secondary root emergence is a crucial trait that shapes the plants underground system. Virtually every developmental step of root primordium morphogenesis is controlled by auxin. However, how the hormone controls cell separation in primordium-overlaying tissues through wall loosening is poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of white lupin and its spectacular cluster root development to assess the contribution of auxin to this process. We show that auxin positive role on rootlet emergence is associated with an upregulation of cell wall pectin modifying and degrading genes. Downregulation of a pectinolytic enzyme gene expressed in cells surrounding the primordium resulted in delayed emergence. Pectins were demethylesterified in the emergence zone and auxin treatment further enhanced this effect. Additionally, we report specific rhamnogalacturonan-I modifications during cortical cell separation. In conclusion, we propose a model in which auxin has a dual role during rootlet emergence: Firstly, through active pectin demethylesterification and secondly by regulating the expression of cell wall remodeling enzymes.

Elevated preoptic brain activity in zebrafish glial glycine transporter mutants is linked to lethargy-like behaviors and delayed emergence from anesthesia

Delayed emergence from anesthesia was previously reported in a case study of a child with Glycine Encephalopathy. To investigate the neural basis of this delayed emergence, we developed a zebrafish glial glycine transporter (glyt1 − / −) mutant model. We compared locomotor behaviors; dose–response curves for tricaine, ketamine, and 2,6-diisopropylphenol (propofol); time to emergence from these anesthetics; and time to emergence from propofol after craniotomy in glyt1−/− mutants and their siblings. To identify differentially active brain regions in glyt1−/− mutants, we used pERK immunohistochemistry as a proxy for brain-wide neuronal activity. We show that glyt1−/− mutants initiated normal bouts of movement less frequently indicating lethargy-like behaviors. Despite similar anesthesia dose–response curves, glyt1−/− mutants took over twice as long as their siblings to emerge from ketamine or propofol, mimicking findings from the human case study. Reducing glycine levels rescued timely emergence in glyt1−/− mutants, pointing to a causal role for elevated glycine. Brain-wide pERK staining showed elevated activity in hypnotic brain regions in glyt1−/− mutants under baseline conditions and a delay in sensorimotor integration during emergence from anesthesia. Our study links elevated activity in preoptic brain regions and reduced sensorimotor integration to lethargy-like behaviors and delayed emergence from propofol in glyt1−/− mutants.

Opioid-Free Naloxone Emergence Under Dexmedetomidine: A Case Report

This report describes a case in which naloxone appeared to expedite emergence from general anesthesia in a patient who underwent an opioid-free anesthetic that included dexmedetomidine. After administration of naloxone, the patient progressed rapidly from general anesthesia to alert and oriented in approximately two minutes. Additionally, the patient demonstrated rapid reversal of miosis. He also reported adequate analgesia in the PACU, requiring no opioids and denied any recall of events that occurred prior to the administration of naloxone. Keywords: Naloxone, Dexmedetomidine, Delayed emergence.

Special problems

Allergy, prolonged drug reactions, and delayed emergence and problems, large and small, that do not have a special chapter are covered in Chapter 10. The effect of residual relaxant drugs, and the management of these patients, is covered in these pages. Patients with brain damage, headache, or emergent delirium and violent or crying patients are described. Awareness, and its ongoing implication, is discussed. Treatment for extravasation and arterial injections are prescribed. Hiccups, shaking and shivering, pressure areas, care of the eyes, shoulder tip pain, sweating, mouth care, and urinary retention are all covered in this chapter.