Auxin and pectin remodeling interplay during rootlet emergence in white lupin

Secondary root emergence is a crucial trait that shapes the plants underground system. Virtually every developmental step of root primordium morphogenesis is controlled by auxin. However, how the hormone controls cell separation in primordium-overlaying tissues through wall loosening is poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of white lupin and its spectacular cluster root development to assess the contribution of auxin to this process. We show that auxin positive role on rootlet emergence is associated with an upregulation of cell wall pectin modifying and degrading genes. Downregulation of a pectinolytic enzyme gene expressed in cells surrounding the primordium resulted in delayed emergence. Pectins were demethylesterified in the emergence zone and auxin treatment further enhanced this effect. Additionally, we report specific rhamnogalacturonan-I modifications during cortical cell separation. In conclusion, we propose a model in which auxin has a dual role during rootlet emergence: Firstly, through active pectin demethylesterification and secondly by regulating the expression of cell wall remodeling enzymes.

Under Ground Cable Fault Detection & Maintenance Robot Based on ATMEGA 328P Micro-Controller

It tells that the problem which will occur during survey is as per the modernization. We are using underground cable getting fault and maintenance of such cables. Show our project AIMS for removing this for and solving this problems. We are trying to build underground robot which is having wireless camera, High voltage shielding. It will have some sensor to detect the environment, it is specially design type of robo, it is universal and it is semi-autonomous. Underground cables are mostly prepare for condensed area where high population is there. Then in that case this cable are underground may be power line cable for communication line as well as ducting are laid underground. in this case when there is a fault or problem occurs in underground system. And service is too much high, it is a very expensive and time consuming to rectify this problem we are going to design robot, a special kind of robot which will be used for the maintenance purpose. So the robot is designed specially with the such a frame which is universally acceptable and design as per the standards. as well as the robot is having some special equipment i.e camera, some sensor for detecting its surrounding condition. as well as some mechanism which are used for maintenance purpose. Robot is capable of up to 66kv.

Temperature driven hibernation site use in the Western barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774)

In temperate regions, winter is characterized by cold temperatures and low food availability. Heterothermic animals can bridge this period by entering a state of torpor characterized by decreased body temperature and reduced metabolic rate. Hibernation site choice is crucial since temperature conditions in the hibernaculum will impact torpor. We analysed temperature-dependent hibernation site use of Barbastella barbastellus. Bats and temperature were monitored in an underground system (1999–2019) and standalone bunkers (2007–2019) in Western Poland. During the winter of 2017–2018 we analysed the thermal variability of the hibernacula. Seasonal variation is higher in bunkers and thus temperatures get colder in winter than in the underground system. On the other hand, short-term variability (thermal variability index) in the bunkers was lower than in the underground system. This makes bunkers a more stable environment to hibernate for cold dwelling bats in warm winters, when temperatures in the bunkers do not get below freezing. Bats use both the warm underground system and the colder bunkers. During the last decade, a continuous series of warm winters occurred and the population of barbastelle bats partly moved from the underground system to the bunkers. These present temperature increases broadened the range of potential hibernation sites for barbastelles. Our study indicates that long-term trends, seasonal variation and short-term variability in temperatures are all important and should be analysed to investigate hibernaculum use by bats. Our study shows that small hibernation sites may become more important in the future.

Reproductive strategies of the Macroptilium lathyroides (Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae) explain the success of ruderal species in anthropized environments

Ruderal plants are important they are used for animal (e.g., beekeeping/pasture) and human food. Many of these plants present multiple reproductive strategies that ensure that they remain in disturbed environments. Therefore, we investigated the sexual reproduction and regeneration by regrowth of the forage ruderal Macroptillium lathyroides in an anthropized area to support management of this species after cutting or grazing and determine its requirements for seed production and conditions for commercial use. We assessed the occurrence of reproduction through regeneration and species dependence on pollinators. M. lathyroides has an axial underground system capable of regrowth but not propagation post-cut. Its flowers last about eight hours and are papilionate, asymmetrical, hermaphrodite, nectariferous, vinaceous and diurnal. They present secondary pollen that is transferred to the trichomes of the style. The species is self-compatible and presents spontaneous self-pollination. The small bee Exomalopsis cf. auropilosa, was the only pollinator since it activated the brush-type pollination mechanism while gathering nectar/pollen. The species depends on seeds to propagate or maintain a seed bank, since all plants do not regrow after cutting. Thus, sexual reproduction is necessary, but pollinators are not since it is not pollinator independent.

Misclassification in Construction: The Original Gig Economy

The misclassification of employees as independent contractors has been the focus of recent attention as a result of the implementation of that employment model by ride-share and other gig employers. But the practice long predates the emergence of the gig economy, particularly in the construction industry. This article traces the history of misclassification in construction and the subsequent emergence of a cash-based underground system of compensation, which have lowered standards and been among the major causes of the decline of union density in the industry. In addition, the author examines the regulatory environment at the federal level, which has largely enabled misclassification as well as attempts by state agencies to adopt more aggressive enforcement policies.

Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incidents

A chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) incident may occur as the result of an accident or specific act of terrorism. Events such as the Chernobyl nuclear incident in Ukraine, the Sarin gas release on the underground system in Tokyo, the anthrax releases in the US, and the Salisbury Novichok attack, highlight the necessity for a structured multi-agency and multi-disciplinary response of which medical support is an essential component. This chapter covers the mode of presentation, and then focuses on each type in turn. Scene safety, triage, and information gathering are described. For chemical incidents, decontamination and specific antidotes are also included. Characteristics of biological agents are defined, and methods of managing a radiation and nuclear incident are specifically covered, including managing the patient.

Using Stable Isotope Analysis (δD and δ18O) and Tracing Tests to Characterize the Regional Hydrogeological Characteristics of Kazeroon County, Iran

Unpredictable climate changes are affecting water resources, especially in karst arid and semiarid areas. In such locations, the need for additional sources of water always arises. The paper gives insight into hydrogeological characteristics of Kazeroo County and resolves some unknowns around the catchment area of the springs important for water supply of the wider urban area of the city of Kazeroon, Iran, by using stable isotope analysis (δD and δ18O) and tracer test. Multiple tracer test and stable isotope analysis were conducted for research purposes. The uranine injected at Tale Milek 1 borehole was detected in the Chenar Shahijan spring in less than 2 and in the Seyed Hossein spring after 6 days. Small amounts of uranine were detected in the Sasan and Pirsabz springs. Based on the high apparent flow velocity (approximately 1750–2000 m/day), the underground system has a quick response to the precipitation during dry seasons. The assumed hydraulic connection between Shahneshin North (Asmari) and Dashtak Northzones has been confirmed by tracer test since the dye injected in Northern Asmari Shahneshin anticline appeared in the springs in Dashtak North zone. The results of water stable isotope measurements show that the catchment area of karst springs in the vicinity of Kazeroo is probably over 2000 m at the area of Shahneshin anticline and is positioned lower than the catchment area of Arjan spring.