Water as a thermodynamic parameter of biosphere evolution

Water has a profound influence on the evolution of the biosphere and can be regarded as a thermodynamic parameter. The priorities and objectives in this research include determining the hydrological features of rivers and lakes in the region as indicators of the thermodynamic activity of water in the evolutionary processes; hydrology and ecology of the cryptobiosphere; the effects of water on the evolutionary adaptations and strategies in living organisms in biogeochemical systems of different origins; and the hydrology of possible alternative stable states of biogeochemical systems.

Biomolecular Interaction, Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities of Organometallic Re(I) Complexes with 5-(2-butyl-5-chloro-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1,3-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole

Organometallic rhenium(I) complexes (I-VI) using substituted 5-(2-butyl-5-chloro-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1,3-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole have been synthesized and characterised by spectroscopic method. For evaluation of HOMO-LUMO energy gap, estimation of bond angle, bond length data and Mulliken charge analysis DFT studies were performed. The complexes (I-VI) can be generated by bis-heterocyclic ligand followed by metal chelation. The interactions between synthesised compounds and double stranded DNA (HS DNA) was carried out by viscosity measurements, absorption titration, and gel electrophoresis gives information about modes of binding and the nucleolytic efficiency of compounds. Groove binding was suggested as the most possible mode and the DNA-binding (Kb) constants of the complexes were calculated. Electronic spectra and conductivity measurement confirm the different transition, and non-electrolytic nature of the metal complexes. Thermodynamic parameter ΔG0 value ranging from -7227.0 to -9463.0 J/moleoK. According to the thermodynamic parameter, the main binding force could be judged. In vivo and In vitro cytotoxicity against the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells gives toxic nature of the synthesised compounds. An antimicrobial study was carried out by estimating MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) against two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. All compounds found effective against S. cerevisiae which is confirmed by enhancing ROS production and DNA damage show by gel electrophoresis as compared to untreated yeast cell culture and DMSO.

Standard Underpotential Deposition Shift. A New Parameter to Characterize the UPD Phenomenon.

<p>Underpotential deposition (UPD) is a phenomenon where atoms of an element M are deposited from ions Mⁿ⁺ on a substrate S at potentials more positive than for the deposition of Mⁿ⁺on M. These systems have been studied for more than a century and are interesting from both the applied and the fundamental point of view. Despite the vast literature on the subject, there is no thermodynamic parameter so far able to characterize an UPD system. Even if the so-called “UPD shift” has been used for decades, the limitations of this parameter has been fully recognized in the field. Herein, using a simple Nernstian treatment and straightforward measurements, we show how to measure and calculate a new proposed fundamental thermodynamic parameter namely, the “Standard UPD potential”. We showed results for the deposition of Cu+2 on Au in acidic media, in solutions containing ClO4- or SO4-2 anions. We obtained Standard UPD potential= 0.65 ± 0.02 V, independently of the concentration of the acid and the nature of the anion.</p><p> </p>

Standard Underpotential Deposition Shift. A New Parameter to Characterize the UPD Phenomenon.

<p>Underpotential deposition (UPD) is a phenomenon where atoms of an element M are deposited from ions Mⁿ⁺ on a substrate S at potentials more positive than for the deposition of Mⁿ⁺on M. These systems have been studied for more than a century and are interesting from both the applied and the fundamental point of view. Despite the vast literature on the subject, there is no thermodynamic parameter so far able to characterize an UPD system. Even if the so-called “UPD shift” has been used for decades, the limitations of this parameter has been fully recognized in the field. Herein, using a simple Nernstian treatment and straightforward measurements, we show how to measure and calculate a new proposed fundamental thermodynamic parameter namely, the “Standard UPD potential”. We showed results for the deposition of Cu+2 on Au in acidic media, in solutions containing ClO4- or SO4-2 anions. We obtained Standard UPD potential= 0.65 ± 0.02 V, independently of the concentration of the acid and the nature of the anion.</p><p> </p>