Language in action

This paper explores language in sport. It draws on systemic functional linguistics to map variations in language as coaches and players change situation, from setting up drills and giving feedback to calling for the ball during the intensity of play. In particular, it explores grammatical and phonological shifts as coaches and players move more toward the ‘language–in–action’ pole of mode. It shows that the more language is used in relation to intense action on the field, the less this meaning is given by the ‘higher levels’ of language (both its higher strata and higher ranks) and the more meaning that is given by the ‘lower levels’ (lower strata and lower ranks). In terms of strata this shifts meaning from the higher stratum of lexicogrammar to the lower stratum of phonology; in terms of rank, this breaks down clause structures to rely heavily on group/phrase and word choices and flattens phonological patterns of intonation, rhythm and syllable structures to rely more on voice quality and timing. This paper thus maps a rich space of registerial variation with significant deviations from typical English patterns.

The influence of ultraviolet radiation and photoprotection on the skin aging process. Assessment of the awareness of beauticians and cosmetologists

Cosmeceuticals are preparations that are described in numerous scientific and popular science works as combining the features of a drug and a cosmetic. They are cosmetics, but unlike the traditional ones, they contain a high concentration of active ingredients, usually plant-based, obtained with the use of modern pharmacy, biotechnology and molecular biology techniques. The aim of the study was to present, based on scientific literature, cosmeceuticals as multi-ingredient products and their impact on human skin. Active substances contained in cosmeceuticals cause their more intense action than traditional cosmetics. Therefore, they should be used based on the professional advice of a cosmetologist, pharmacist or doctor.

Cosmeceuticals. Composition and effects

Cosmeceuticals are preparations that are described in numerous scientific and popular science works as combining the features of a drug and a cosmetic. They are cosmetics, but unlike the traditional ones, they contain a high concentration of active ingredients, usually plant-based, obtained with the use of modern pharmacy, biotechnology and molecular biology techniques. The aim of the study was to present, based on scientific literature, cosmeceuticals as multi-ingredient products and their impact on human skin. Active substances contained in cosmeceuticals cause their more intense action than traditional cosmetics. Therefore, they should be used based on the professional advice of a cosmetologist, pharmacist or doctor.

Emerging nanomaterials for dental treatments

The emergence of nanomaterials for dental treatments is encouraged by the nanotopography of the tooth structure, together with the promising benefits of nanomedicine. The use of nanoparticles in dentistry, also termed as ‘nanodentistry', has manifested in applications for remineralisation, antimicrobial activity, local anaesthesia, anti-inflammation, osteoconductivity and stem cell differentiation. Besides the applications on dental tissues, nanoparticles have been used to enhance the mechanical properties of dental composites, improving their bonding and anchorage and reducing friction. The small particle size allows for enhanced permeation into deeper lesions, and reduction in porosities of dental composites for higher mechanical strength. The large surface area to volume ratio allows for enhanced bioactivity such as bonding and integration, and more intense action towards microorganisms. Controlled release of encapsulated bioactive molecules such as drugs and growth factors enables them to be delivered more precisely, with site-targeted delivery for localised treatments. These properties have benefitted across multiple fields within dentistry, including periodontology and endodontics and reengineering of dental prosthetics and braces. This review summarises the current literature on the emerging field of nanomaterials for dental treatments.

The Anti-city. Gurgaon and its villages

Today is a time of unprecedented growth — of shaping newer and ever changing environments around. Issues and shortcomings of rapid urbanisation offer opportunity grounds for architecture and planning, in this changing maze of activities. The paradigm shifts in the way how people see spaces, and how professionals see the same, are exposing and challenging the architect and urban designer to current harsh realities. India has been home to the earliest of civilisations and growth. Its intense engagement with the other continents have shaped and reshaped its culture and political ideas. With ginormous populations, extraordinary cultural mixes and rising economies, some of its regions are sites of intense action. This stage of intense fluctuation and turbulence demands reflection on how they have shaped (or are shaping) our relationships, societies and human exchanges. One is also forced to ask questions as to whether the existing knowledge capacities are enough to help manage and intervene these situations. It’s time we decoded our development trajectory and identified the fault lines so as to aim for a favourable projected future.