scholarly journals Emerging nanomaterials for dental treatments

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-625
Author(s):  
Zi Hong Mok ◽  
Gordon Proctor ◽  
Maya Thanou
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Dental Composites ◽  
Small Particle Size ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
Intense Action ◽  
Anti Inflammation

The emergence of nanomaterials for dental treatments is encouraged by the nanotopography of the tooth structure, together with the promising benefits of nanomedicine. The use of nanoparticles in dentistry, also termed as ‘nanodentistry', has manifested in applications for remineralisation, antimicrobial activity, local anaesthesia, anti-inflammation, osteoconductivity and stem cell differentiation. Besides the applications on dental tissues, nanoparticles have been used to enhance the mechanical properties of dental composites, improving their bonding and anchorage and reducing friction. The small particle size allows for enhanced permeation into deeper lesions, and reduction in porosities of dental composites for higher mechanical strength. The large surface area to volume ratio allows for enhanced bioactivity such as bonding and integration, and more intense action towards microorganisms. Controlled release of encapsulated bioactive molecules such as drugs and growth factors enables them to be delivered more precisely, with site-targeted delivery for localised treatments. These properties have benefitted across multiple fields within dentistry, including periodontology and endodontics and reengineering of dental prosthetics and braces. This review summarises the current literature on the emerging field of nanomaterials for dental treatments.

scholarly journals Plant-Derived Anticancer Compounds as New Perspectives in Drug Discovery and Alternative Therapy

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109
Author(s):  
Cristina Adriana Dehelean ◽  
Iasmina Marcovici ◽  
Codruta Soica ◽  
Marius Mioc ◽  
Dorina Coricovac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Pharmaceutical Agents

Despite the recent advances in the field of chemically synthetized pharmaceutical agents, nature remains the main supplier of bioactive molecules. The research of natural products is a valuable approach for the discovery and development of novel biologically active compounds possessing unique structures and mechanisms of action. Although their use belongs to the traditional treatment regimes, plant-derived compounds still cover a large portion of the current-day pharmaceutical agents. Their medical importance is well recognized in the field of oncology, especially as an alternative to the limitations of conventional chemotherapy (severe side effects and inefficacy due to the occurrence of multi-drug resistance). This review offers a comprehensive perspective of the first blockbuster chemotherapeutic agents of natural origin’s (e.g. taxol, vincristine, doxorubicin) mechanism of action using 3D representation. In addition is portrayed the step-by-step evolution from preclinical to clinical evaluation of the most recently studied natural compounds with potent antitumor activity (e.g. resveratrol, curcumin, betulinic acid, etc.) in terms of anticancer mechanisms of action and the possible indications as chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents and sensitizers. Finally, this review describes several efficient platforms for the encapsulation and targeted delivery of natural compounds in cancer treatment

scholarly journals Trends in Research on Exosomes in Cancer Progression and Anticancer Therapy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Dona Sinha ◽  
Sraddhya Roy ◽  
Priyanka Saha ◽  
Nabanita Chatterjee ◽  
Anupam Bishayee
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis

Exosomes, the endosome-derived bilayered extracellular nanovesicles with their contribution in many aspects of cancer biology, have become one of the prime foci of research. Exosomes derived from various cells carry cargoes similar to their originator cells and their mode of generation is different compared to other extracellular vesicles. This review has tried to cover all aspects of exosome biogenesis, including cargo, Rab-dependent and Rab-independent secretion of endosomes and exosomal internalization. The bioactive molecules of the tumor-derived exosomes, by virtue of their ubiquitous presence and small size, can migrate to distal parts and propagate oncogenic signaling and epigenetic regulation, modulate tumor microenvironment and facilitate immune escape, tumor progression and drug resistance responsible for cancer progression. Strategies improvised against tumor-derived exosomes include suppression of exosome uptake, modulation of exosomal cargo and removal of exosomes. Apart from the protumorigenic role, exosomal cargoes have been selectively manipulated for diagnosis, immune therapy, vaccine development, RNA therapy, stem cell therapy, drug delivery and reversal of chemoresistance against cancer. However, several challenges, including in-depth knowledge of exosome biogenesis and protein sorting, perfect and pure isolation of exosomes, large-scale production, better loading efficiency, and targeted delivery of exosomes, have to be confronted before the successful implementation of exosomes becomes possible for the diagnosis and therapy of cancer.

scholarly journals Polymeric Bioinks for 3D Hepatic Printing

Chemistry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-181
Author(s):  
Joyita Sarkar ◽  
Swapnil C. Kamble ◽  
Nilambari C. Kashikar
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Complex Geometries ◽  
Printing Techniques ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques have revolutionized the field of tissue engineering. This is especially favorable to construct intricate tissues such as liver, as 3D printing allows for the precise delivery of biomaterials, cells and bioactive molecules in complex geometries. Bioinks made of polymers, of both natural and synthetic origin, have been very beneficial to printing soft tissues such as liver. Using polymeric bioinks, 3D hepatic structures are printed with or without cells and biomolecules, and have been used for different tissue engineering applications. In this review, with the introduction to basic 3D printing techniques, we discuss different natural and synthetic polymers including decellularized matrices that have been employed for the 3D bioprinting of hepatic structures. Finally, we focus on recent advances in polymeric bioinks for 3D hepatic printing and their applications. The studies indicate that much work has been devoted to improvising the design, stability and longevity of the printed structures. Others focus on the printing of tissue engineered hepatic structures for applications in drug screening, regenerative medicine and disease models. More attention must now be diverted to developing personalized structures and stem cell differentiation to hepatic lineage.

Influence of Radiopacity of Dental Composites on the Diagnosis of Secondary Caries: The Correlation Between Objective and Subjective Analyses

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Cruz ◽  
RG Esteves ◽  
IAVP Poiate ◽  
PP Portero ◽  
SM Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Dental Composites ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Secondary Caries ◽  
Pixel Intensity ◽  
Dental Tissues

SUMMARY This study aimed to objectively evaluate the radiopacity of different dental composites and their subjective influence on diagnosing secondary caries–like lesions and how these results correlate. For objective analysis, three resin specimens (1 mm thick, with a 4-mm internal diameter) were made with four composites: 1) Charisma; 2) Filtek Z250; 3) Prisma AP.H; and 4) Glacier. Three human teeth were selected and then mesio-distally sectioned (1 mm thick) to make the dental specimens. An aluminum (Al) wedge (12 steps, 1 mm thick, 99.8% purity) was used as an internal standard to calculate the radiopacity. For subjective analysis, 20 human teeth were selected and then prepared with a mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) inlay cavity, with half the teeth receiving a round cavity to simulate the carious lesion. The MOD was restored using the composites at four different times. Standardized radiographs were acquired and then digitized (300 dpi and eight-bit TIFF) for both analyses. A histogram objectively measured the pixel intensity values of the images, which were converted into millimeters of Al using linear regressions. Eight observers subjectively evaluated the images using a five-point rating scale to diagnose the caries. The data were statistically analyzed using the Student t-test, the Kappa test, diagnostic testing, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (α=0.05). All materials showed radiopacity values compatible with dental tissues (p>0.05); Glacier was similar to dentin and Prisma AP.H was similar to enamel, while the remaining materials showed a middle radiopacity. Prisma AP.H and Glacier differed (p<0.05) in relation to their accuracy to caries diagnosis, with Glacier having greater accuracy. There was a correlation between objective and subjective analyses with negative linear dependence. An increase in the material's radiopacity could have a subjectively negative influence on the diagnosis of secondary caries; thus, an ideal radiopacity for a dental composite is closer to the dentin image and produces similar attenuation to X-rays than does dentin.

scholarly journals Soft Tissue Applications of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser in Pediatric Dentistry

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferah Rehman ◽  
Vivek Chaturvedy
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Pediatric Dentistry ◽  
Patient Comfort ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Contact Mode ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Dental Tissues

ABSTRACT Soft tissue laser, such as diode and Nd:YAG lasers were initially used in soft tissue lesions because of its increased success rate. It was because of the fact that these lasers were well-absorbed by chromophores, such as hemoglobin and melanin which are found abundant in the oral mucosa. The introduction of erbium family in 1990 comprising the Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers made the hard tissue laser a boon for dentistry. Erbium, chromium-doped yttrium, scandium, gallium and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) was introduced in 1997 for the surgical needs of clinical dentistry in general practice. The erbium belongs to the rare earth which is embedded in a host crystal. The actual lasing process takes place in the Er ion Er3+. Two host crystals consisting of yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (Y3A5O12) and yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Y3Sc2Ga3O12) are added to the erbium. The interest to use these hard tissue laser in the treatment of soft tissue lesion was because of the properties of these lasers which are well-absorbed by chromophore water apart from hydroxy appetite crystals. Erbium laser energy is absorbed by collagen, hydroxyapatite, and water components. It allows the laser to cut soft tissue, tooth structure, and bone. In the noncontact mode, the incision is scalpel-like, with very little hemostasis. In contact mode, it performs soft tissue sculpting with adequate hemostasis. The Er,Cr:YSGG is the world's most advanced dental laser, which is ideal all-tissue laser because all dental tissues contain water, for the multidisciplinary dentist who performs a broad spectrum of procedures. It delivers the highest level of clinician control, operating efficiency, flexibility in tip, and accessory selection. For optimal clinical results and patient comfort in hard and soft tissue procedures, the erbium lasers have set a new standard of clinical performance. The present case series aims to highlight the various soft tissue applications of Er,Cr:YSGG (Waterlase Biolase®, Biolase, Inc, San Clemente, California, USA) in pediatric patients. How to cite this article Kumar G, Rehman F, Chaturvedy V. Soft Tissue Applications of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser in Pediatric Dentistry. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):188-192.

Nanocapsules as Carriers for the Transport and Targeted Delivery of Bioactive Molecules

2011 ◽  
pp. 45-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hervella ◽  
G Lollo ◽  
F Oyarzun-Ampuero ◽  
G Rivera ◽  
D Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Bioactive Molecules

scholarly journals Radiopacity of restorative materials using digital images

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leda Maria Pescinini Salzedas ◽  
Mário Jefferson Quirino Louzada ◽  
Antonio Braz de Oliveira Filho
Keyword(s):  
Restorative Material ◽  
Radiographic Image ◽  
Equivalent Thickness ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
Permanent Molar ◽  
Restorative Materials ◽  
Phosphor Plate ◽  
The Mean

The radiopacity of esthetic restorative materials has been established as an important requirement, improving the radiographic diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of six restorative materials using a direct digital image system, comparing them to the dental tissues (enamel-dentin), expressed as equivalent thickness of aluminum (millimeters of aluminum). Five specimens of each material were made. Three 2-mm thick longitudinal sections were cut from an intact extracted permanent molar tooth (including enamel and dentin). An aluminum step wedge with 9 steps was used. The samples of different materials were placed on a phosphor plate together with a tooth section, aluminum step wedge and metal code letter, and were exposed using a dental x-ray unit. Five measurements of radiographic density were obtained from each image of each item assessed (restorative material, enamel, dentin, each step of the aluminum step wedge) and the mean of these values was calculated. Radiopacity values were subsequently calculated as equivalents of aluminum thickness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences in radiopacity values among the materials (P<0.0001). The radiopacity values of the restorative materials evaluated were, in decreasing order: TPH, F2000, Synergy, Prisma Flow, Degufill, Luxat. Only Luxat had significantly lower radiopacity values than dentin. One material (Degufill) had similar radiopacity values to enamel and four (TPH, F2000, Synergy and Prisma Flow) had significantly higher radiopacity values than enamel. In conclusion, to assess the adequacy of posterior composite restorations it is important that the restorative material to be used has enough radiopacity, in order to be easily distinguished from the tooth structure in the radiographic image. Knowledge on the radiopacity of different materials helps professionals to select the most suitable material, along with other properties such as biocompatibility, adhesion and esthetic.

scholarly journals Targeted Delivery of Bioactive Molecules for Vascular Intervention and Tissue Engineering

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah A. Strobel ◽  
Elisabet I. Qendro ◽  
Eben Alsberg ◽  
Marsha W. Rolle
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Vascular Intervention

scholarly journals Hard dental tissue minimal-invasive preparation using contemporary polymer rotating instruments and laser

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milos Beloica ◽  
Zoran Vulicevic ◽  
Zoran Mandinic ◽  
Ivana Radovic ◽  
Olivera Jovicic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Pediatric Dentistry ◽  
Minimal Invasive ◽  
Dental Tissue ◽  
Cavity Preparation ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Goal of contemporary dentistry is to decrease the patient?s discomfort during treatment. Dentists aim to achieve maximum with the newly developed dental materials as well as with new cavity preparation techniques in the shortest time span. Since the development of the first constructed borer (drilling machine) for caries removal, the preparation techniques have considerably changed. The progress of dental materials as well as the cavity preparation techniques has led us to contemporary carbide tungsten and diamond borers that are used with obligatory water cooling. The innovation within this field represents newly developed polymer borers that can detect the difference between carious lesions and healthy tooth structure. In this way the cavity preparation may be performed without damaging dental healthy tissue. This is possible owing to their hardness which is lower than the hardness of intact dentin. Polymer borer preparation is painless with less vibration, while the increase in temperature is negligible. Lasers have been used in clinical dentistry since 1980s so it can be said that they represent a new technology. The function of lasers is based on ablation which requires water. Erbium lasers have shown the highest potential with their ability to produce effective ablation of hard dental tissues. Laser application in dentistry requires special training as well as some protective measures. Laser advantages, compared to traditional preparation techniques, involve the absence of vibration, painless preparation, possibility of preparation without anesthetic and easier patient?s adjustment to dental intervention which is of importance, especially in pediatric dentistry.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Schisandrin B and Its Biological Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Nasser ◽  
Shuoji Zhu ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Mingyi Zhao ◽  
Huanlei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Schisandrin B ◽  
Antitumor Activities ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Preclinical Trials ◽  
Neural Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammation

Nature is a vast source of bioactive molecules and has provided an active and efficient reservoir for drug discovery. Among natural compounds, one of the most promising is Schisandrin B (Sch B), isolated from Schisandra chinensis, which was documented to possess diversified pharmacokinetic propriety, among them antioxidant, anti-inflammation, cardioprotection, and neuroprotection. Due to its large biological properties, Sch B was recorded to be a potent cure for several diseases by targeting several signaling pathways. This review is aimed at emphasizing the recent data on the biological properties of Sch B among the molecular mechanism of this drug on tumoral, cardiac, and neural diseases. The data suggest that the antitumor activities of Sch B were mainly through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the diver’s stage. It is reported that Sch B could be used as effective chemotherapy, neuroprotection, and cardioprotection since it possesses a spectrum of biological activities; however, further investigations on the mechanism of its action and preclinical trials are still mandatory to further validate the potential of this natural drug candidate.

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