Language in action

This paper explores language in sport. It draws on systemic functional linguistics to map variations in language as coaches and players change situation, from setting up drills and giving feedback to calling for the ball during the intensity of play. In particular, it explores grammatical and phonological shifts as coaches and players move more toward the ‘language–in–action’ pole of mode. It shows that the more language is used in relation to intense action on the field, the less this meaning is given by the ‘higher levels’ of language (both its higher strata and higher ranks) and the more meaning that is given by the ‘lower levels’ (lower strata and lower ranks). In terms of strata this shifts meaning from the higher stratum of lexicogrammar to the lower stratum of phonology; in terms of rank, this breaks down clause structures to rely heavily on group/phrase and word choices and flattens phonological patterns of intonation, rhythm and syllable structures to rely more on voice quality and timing. This paper thus maps a rich space of registerial variation with significant deviations from typical English patterns.

Las rectorías parroquiales en la ciudad de Córdoba durante el Antiguo Régimen: acercamiento a la cuestión

ResumenSi poco estudiado ha sido el estrato más bajo del clero en la ciudad de Córdoba, el pequeño núcleo que formaban los rectores parroquiales aún menos. Estas rectorías, de importancia supina para la labor pastoral y la administración de sacramentos, parecen no tener una forma definida durante la época moderna en Córdoba. La cuestión de su definición es el objeto de este artículo, para lo que se han consultado las constituciones sinodales de la diócesis, así como diversa información de archivo. Su carácter beneficial o no, así como la concesión de la cura animarum centran el debate. La adaptación al modelo tridentino de rectoría parroquial exigió un verdadero esfuerzo para la administración diocesana, que debió lidiar con las reticencias y alegaciones de una empoderada Universidad de Beneficiados que se había aprovechado de la indefinición de este cargo en la ciudad de Córdoba. Por ello, se destaca un punto de inflexión en esta situación en 1648, cuando el obispo Pimentel, animado desde Roma, plantea un modelo de patronato para estas rectorías que permitan la manutención de sus titulares sin el perjuicio de modificar cualquier reparto del diezmo parroquial, que hubiera supuesto una mayor oposición a la que ya hubo durante un siglo después.AbstractIf little studied has been the lower stratum of the clergy in the city of Córdoba, the small nucleus that made up the parish rectors even less. These rectories, of supine importance for pastoral work and the administration of the sacraments, seem to have no definite form during modern times in Córdoba. The question of its definition is the object of this article, for which the synodical constitutions of the diocese has been consulted, as well as various archival information. Its beneficial nature or not, as well as the granting of the cura animarum center the debate. The adaptation to the Tridentine model of parish rectory required a real effort from the diocesan administration, which had to deal with the reluctance and allegations of an empowered Universidad de Beneficiados, that had taken advantage of the lack of definition of this position in the city of Córdoba. For this reason, a turning point in this situation stands out in 1648, when the bishop fray Domingo Pimentel, encouraged from Rome, proposed a model of patronage for these rectories that would allow the maintenance of their holders without the detriment of modifying any distribution of the parish tithe, that it would have supposed a greater opposition to the one that already existed during a century later.

Herbage intake by steers grazing in a natural grassland with predominance of Andropogon lateralis Nees managed under different canopy heights

ABSTRACT: The animal performance on pasture is directly correlated to canopy structure since this influences the herbage consumption. This study was evaluated the effects of four pre-grazing canopy heights (12, 20, 28 and 36 cm) of Andropogon lateralis Ness on herbage intake and feeding behavior of steers in a natural grassland under intermittent stocking management, using the same proportion of defoliation (40% reduction in pre-grazing height, i.e., post-grazing heights of 7.2, 12.0, 16.8 and 21.6 cm). The experiment was conducted on a total area of 14,000 m2, divided into sixteen paddocks of 875 m2. Thirty-two steers were used, divided into uniform pairs according to the live weight (LW) at the start of the experiment (244 ± 23.0 kg). Each paddock was subdivided into three plots of identical area; the first two plots were used for the adaptation period and the third for the assessment period. A randomized block design was used with four replicates and two assessment periods. Herbage mass and neutral detergent fiber content increased linearly (P < 0,001) with the increase of pre-grazing canopy heights. In contrast, was not affected by treatments, with mean values of 75 g/kg of dry matter (DM) in the upper stratum and 83 g/kg of DM in lower stratum. The herbage intake was similar between treatments (P = 0.255), averaging 1.78% LW. Grazing time increased linearly in the upper stratum and decreased linearly in the lower stratum with increasing pre-grazing canopy heights. Total time spent grazing, ruminating, and idling did not differ between treatments, with means of 52.6%, 23.0%, and 24.2%, respectively. Pre-grazing canopy heights treatments, based on the predominant species A. lateralis, did not affect the daily herbage intake of steers.

Остеологические материалы городища Уфа-2 (исследования 2013 и 2016 гг.)

Goals. The article discusses results of studies that dealt with osteological collections obtained during excavations at Ufa-2 hillfort in 2013 and 2016. Special attention is paid to the dynamics in livestock structure during the period of the monument’s functioning. Results. Analysis of the bone material distribution in the cultural layer of the once inhabited part of the monument makes it possible to clarify the consistent pattern revealed earlier through materials of 2017 excavations. The lower stratum of the cultural layer (stage 1) is dominated by bones of sheep and goats, while the upper ones (stage 2) witness a decrease in the share thereof accompanied by a gradual increase in the number of horse bones. Stage 3 identified in 2017 is not clearly distinguishable in the materials obtained in 2013, which might be due to a violation of the cultural layer integrity in the area and employed methods of osteological materials selecting. 2016 archaeological survey of the moat gave rise to a hypothesis that the fortification (moat) was built in the 3rd–4th centuries AD and functioned for one or two centuries only to be further repeatedly filled with soil taken from the inhabited part of the site. Conclusions. Analysis of osteological collections from undisturbed layers of the moat (backfilling stages 1 and 2) shows that chronologically stage 1 can be correlated to an increase in the amount of Turbasli culture and Romanovka type ceramics in the cultural layer of the inhabited areas. And stage 2 may have taken shape by the middle or end of the chronological period. Thus, the findings confirm and clarify the hypothesis proposed on the basis of the analysis of archaeological data conducted.

Historical background during the Springs and Autumns Period

This chapter explores the political and social order of the aristocratic Springs and Autumns period. It analyzes the formation of the multistate system in the wake of the weakening of the Zhou dynasty, this system’s functioning, and the eventual collapse of the attempts to ensure viable multistate order. The chapter shows that aggravating political fragmentation notwithstanding, the aristocratic elites throughout the Zhou realm maintained considerable cultural unity. Even the elites of alien political entities, such as Wu and Yue, became increasingly absorbed into the broad framework of the Zhou culture, contributing therewith to the expansion of the Zhou realm and the softening of Sino-alien dichotomy. The second part of the chapter focuses on domestic life of the component polities of the Zhou world. Particular attention is given to the power of hereditary aristocrats (specifically, the ministerial lineages) and to political activism of the lower stratum of “capital-dwellers,” who emerged as major beneficiaries of the ongoing struggles between the rulers and their chief ministers.

Livelihood Portfolio and Designed Intervention: the Case for Arunachal Pradesh

Livelihood is in vouge as a concept, approach, method, practive perspective or as a framework for analysis. The intention of this paper is not to delve into the intricacies and simplify the web of shock managements in terms of the five capitals, as in literatures. Instead the attempt here is to crossexamine as to identify within which category or spectrum of income-consumption function the households lies. Further, it is also to underline certain broad outlines that have emerged and are indicative of protfolio of livelihood alternatives in incomeconsumption shock managements. The study is indicative of the factum that households are at the lower spectrum of the income-consumption pyramid. Being at the lower stratum of the hierarchy, the stressed households are vulnerable to income-consumption shocks. Nonetheless, household either by their own learning or because of intervention and awareness have diversified their livelihoods into a portfolio of activities. Keeping in mind the welfare nature of dispensation and that the majority of the households being BPL (Below Poverty Line) a designed positive intervention is a must.

Protocol for Membracidae inventory (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracoidea): what are the ideal collection methods for the Atlantic Forest?

Membracidae are phytophagous insects that present different types of behavior, requiring a specific protocol for fast and efficient collection. This article evaluates the best methods for sampling these insects in Atlantic Forest areas. The protocol was applied in four areas of the Atlantic Forest in Paraíba state, Brazil, and involved a team of four people at a cost of US$180 per area. Each area contained 100 sampling units subdivided into 30 yellow sticky cards in the canopy and 30 yellow sticky cards in the lower stratum, 30 active collections and 10 light traps. In total, 2,678 specimens belonging to 91 species were sampled. The highest abundance and richness values were obtained using active collection (N = 1,517; S = 42) and cards in the canopy (N = 345; S = 53). All methods exhibited high complementarity, with more than half of the species (S = 50; 54.35%) recorded exclusively by only one of the methods applied. Similarity analysis revealed that active collection differs significantly from all other methods (R = 0.10, p = 0.0001) and that the sticky cards in the canopy differ from the collection in the lower stratum (p = 0.0001), whereas the other method pairs did not exhibit significant differences. In all areas, the active collection, the sticky cards in the canopy and the lower stratum had the best sample sufficiency, with at least 60% of the estimated values. To inventory Membracidae specimens in areas of the Atlantic Forest, a protocol that combines different collection methods is required, which in principle requires more time and expense. However, it is worth noting that it is possible to adjust this protocol according to the researcher’s need. For a faster survey that includes the largest number of species, we suggest a combination of active collection and a light trap.

Why Are They So Afraid of Children’s Books? The Subversive Power of Imagination (Part 1)

The article discusses the subversive power of children’s books as it is expressed in many classical and contemporary works for young readers. Starting with a brief psychological explanation of the source of creativity and playfulness in children’s literature, the author uses a Bakhtinian approach in analysing the carnivalesque quality of these books in their ability to create a topsy-turvy world, to use ‘a fes­tive laughter,’ to present grotesque bodily transformations, and to discuss the lower stratum bodily functions such as food consumption and excretion. Many adults often underestimate the power of children’s literature, and at the same time, some books are considered dangerous; therefore, they need to be protected from various attempts to censor or to ban them as unappropriated for children.

Precarization of the Middle Class of the New Russia: What are the Results of a Study of Heterogeneous Middle Strata?

The paper aims to study the heterogeneity of the middle classes in the new Russia. Drawing from the monitoring survey data collected by the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS, 2015 and 2018, the author employed Bayesian latent class analysis to detect Russian middle class and its main subgroups. In 2015 and 2018 it counted 58% and 61% of the population, respectively. Precarization of the middle is occurring in the lower stratum of the middle class, which comprises up to half of the middle class. The paper aims to study the heterogeneity of the middle classes in the new Russia. Drawing from the monitoring survey data collected by the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS, 2015 and 2018, the author employed Bayesian latent class analysis to detect Russian middle class and its main subgroups. In 2015 and 2018 it counted 58% and 61% of the population, respectively. Precarization of the middle is occurring in the lower stratum of the middle class, which comprises up to half of the middle class.

CERAMIC COMPLEXES DISCOVERED FORM SITES IN GALICIAN AND VOLHYNIAN LANDS AS AN EXAMPLE OF CERAMIC ISOCHRONAL EXISTENCE

This paper deals with the question of using ceramic complexes as a foundation for isochronal existence of ceramic in wide areas. Author analyzed three types of ceramic complexes such as covered complexes, complexes considered as closed and uncovered complexes. The definition of covered ceramic complex is the one which finished it existing in one moment, was preserved and didn’t change ever after. For instance it could be a tomb, a treasure, a burned building, an inner space of oven (for ceramic complexes). The second one — complex considered as closed is the complex which combines some artifacts that were dated as isochronal for particularly period of existence (for example, settlement existence). It could be middle and lower stratum of building filling or specific building horizon as well. The third one — is a summation of findings which were uncovered in a way we could not be sure of their isochronal existence. Such complex could be formed for a long period instead of covered complex and an example of it could be the stratum of settlement filled of finds. The last types of complexes were used by author only in a case of absence any other marks for ceramic dating. Several types of ceramic complexes discovered in 42 rural settlements, hillforts, and burials were selected and analyzed by author. The dating and comparative chronology proposed by investigators was considered by author.