asymmetric federalism
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2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANDRA LEÓN ◽  
LLUIS ORRIOLS

Author(s):  
Tillin Louise

This chapter examines the legal status and consequences of the asymmetrically federal provisions included in the Indian Constitution. In particular, it considers constitutional amendments relating to autonomy arrangements in India’s North-eastern region, along with the ‘special status’ of Jammu and Kashmir. After providing an overview of the significance of asymmetric federalism in India, the article discusses the administration of tribal areas under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules. It also explores provisions aimed at mitigating intra-State inequalities in the States of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka; the Indian Supreme Court’s rulings on the asymmetric features of the Constitution; and the role of the courts in upholding asymmetrical provisions and protecting the rights of territorially concentrated minorities in the context of democratic politics.


Author(s):  
Joan Oliver Araujo

La tesis que acabamos de exponer y que consideramos acertada, esto es, que el Estado autonómico español debe transformarse en un Estado federal siguiendo el modelo alemán, quedaría, sin embargo, muy incompleta si no pusiéramos sobre la mesa el hecho de que los nacionalistas catalanes y vascos consideran totalmente insuficiente el modelo federal, que está lejos de dar satisfacción a sus deseos de autogobierno. Cataluña y el País Vasco, se quiera o no se quiera, guste o no guste, son Comunidades Autónomas (ahora el nombre es lo de menos) distintas a las otras quince. Son verdaderas naciones que, a diferencia de aquellas, quieren un grado de autonomía (siempre) mayor. Resulta evidente, en estos momentos, la manifiesta insuficiencia del modelo federal clásico para aquellos dos territorios, por una parte, y la necesidad de buscar con urgencia una fórmula realista de convivencia estable dentro del Estado español, por otra. Nuestra propuesta —a través de una reforma constitucional— se puede concretar en la fórmula del «federalismo asimétrico» o «federalismo dual», que implicaría el reconocimiento constitucional de un estatus jurídico específico a Cataluña y al País Vasco a modo de Estados-libres-asociados, que les otorgase a ambos el máximo autogobierno compatible con el Estado español. De este modo, el Estado Federal español estaría integrado, por una parte, por quince «Estados-miembros» o Estados-federados de régimen común y, por otra, por dos «Estados-libres-asociados».The aforementioned thesis is right, since the Spanish autonomic state should become a federal state, following the German model. Nonetheless, we cannot forget the fact that Catalan and Basque nationalists consider that, far from satisfying their self-government expectations, the federal model is utterly insufficient. Whether we like or not, Catalonia and the Basque Country are different from the other fifteen autonomous communities. Unlike the rest, they are true nations, which (always) aim at a higher degree of self-government. The inadequacy of the traditional federal model with regard to those two territories is quite evident, as well as the need to urgently find a realistic formula to ensure a stable coexistence within the Spanish state. Our proposal, which demands a constitutional reform, settles on the formula of «asymmetric federalism » or «dual federalism». This formula would imply the constitutional recognition of a specific legal status for Catalonia and the Basque Country as free associated states, granting the maximum degree of self-government compatible with the Spanish state. Thereby, the Spanish federal state would consist, for one thing, of fifteen «member states» or common federated states and, there again, two «free associated states».


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