Modern Sample Preparation Techniques: A Brief Introduction

Due to fast growth in microprocessors, analytical instrumentations in spectroscopy, chromatography, microscopy, sensors and microdevices have been subjected to significant developments. Despite these advances, a sample preparation step is indispensable before instrumental analysis. Main reasons are low sensitivity of the instruments, matrix interferences and incompatibility of the sample with the analytical device. Most of the time spent and most of the errors occurring during a chemical analysis is on sample preparation step. As a result, any improvements in this essential process will have a significant effect on shortening the analysis time and its precision and accuracy and lowering the cost. This introductory chapter intends to draw the readers’ attention to the importance of sample preparation, the procedures of sampling and the source of errors that occur in the course of sampling. The chapter then continues with a heading on sample preparation techniques, including exhaustive and non-exhaustive methods of extraction. Microwave, sonication and membrane-based extraction techniques are more emphasized as exhaustive methods and under a new title, miniaturized methods are discussed. Automation, on-line compatibility and simplification is an important aspect of any sample preparation and extraction which is discussed at the end of this chapter.

1340A Trial of Modern Sample Frames and Modes: The WA Health and Wellbeing Surveillance System

Background The Health and Wellbeing Surveillance System (HWSS) monitors the health status of the WA population. Its reliance on a landline sample frame and Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) must shift to mobile phone sample frames and novel online completion options, improving the representativeness of the HWSS data to the WA population. Methods Concurrent surveys in 2020 were run using three sample frames, the 2013 Electronic White Pages (EWP), the WA Electoral Roll (WAER) and a Sensis consumer database. The survey modes explored included CATI, online, and dual mode. Responses were weighted to the WA population. Response rates were compared between frames and modes. Differences in demographics, health risk factors, conditions and behaviours were investigated by comparing prevalence estimates and logistic regression modelling. Results Response rates were 20% for EWP CATI, 41% for Sensis CATI, 16% for Sensis online, and 10% for WAER online. Compared to EWP, the WAER and Sensis frame respondents were younger, had higher incomes and better education. Online respondents had higher prevalence of high psychological distress and lower prevalence of smoking compared with CATI. Conclusions The WAER and Sensis consumer database are valid sample frame options for the future of the HWSS. CATI gave the highest response rates, yet respondent differences by frame and mode were evident. WA Health is further exploring these options of modern sample frames and survey modes in 2021. Key messages Population health surveillance systems must modernise their sample frames and data collection modes to continue to provide reliable health prevalence estimates.

Atomic absorption and atomic emission with inductive connected plasma detection of Lead and Iron in strata water using new medias and standard composition samples

An influence of SAS (Тriton Х-100) concentration and ultrasound treatment time on the value of analytical signal at atomic absorption and atomic emission with inductive connected plasma detection of analytes in strata water was studied. Maximal analytical signal at of Lead and Iron was reached at using nonionogenic SAS which let us to decrease surface tension of the analyzed solution and to increase absorptivity at analytes detection. It was shown that using of the modern sample preparation increase sensibility of atomic absorption detection of Lead in 1,5 times and Iron in 1,8 times. By the methods of atomic absorption and atomic emission with inductive connected plasma spectroscopy and using acetylacetonates of Lead and Iron as standard composition samples, that let us to increase sensitivity of the detection of analytes, contain of Lead and Iron in strata water was determined. By variation of the sample volume and by "injected-found out" method we have proved that systematic error is not significant. The results, obtained by two independent methods were compared according to F- and t-criteria. It was proved that dispersions are homogenous and run of the means is not sufficient and proved by random scatter. By atomic absorption method we estimated the detection limit of the analytes according to the developed methodic and show that the obtained results are lower than the same data from literature. The developed methodic, according to its metrological characteristics, is competitive at international level.

Sample Analysis for Novel Medical Applications

The sample preparation for biological and chemical probes involves following a strict workflow to eliminate any contamination to the sample beforehand. Furthermore, it is time consuming and must be carried out by trained personnel such as a nurse or other supervisors, making it therefore expensive. The development of novel sample preparation techniques paired with modern sample analysis systems is focused on improving the operability while keeping a constant quality of results. This is important to analyse samples, which cannot be determined with current screening conditions. The analysis of analytes is required to receive a more detailed picture of the patient and to fully understand its complexity. Possible samples for in-depth analysis of chemical origin can be cholesterol or glucose. More complex samples, such as blood or saliva, require a sophisticated system, which analyses the samples for their individual compounds.