Sistem Pertanian Terintegrasi – Simantri: Konsep, Pelaksanaan, dan Perannya dalam Pembangunan Pertanian di Provinsi Bali

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Integrated agriculture system (Simantri) is one of the priority program in Bali Province in order to enhance agricultural sector’s role to support Bali Mandara. This paper aims to describe potency, opportunity, and support of the local governments to empower farmers through Simantri program. This program is initiated Bali Governor (2008-2013) and based on Prima Tani model. Simantri was initially started in 2009 in 10 sites of the Gapoktans’ demonstration plots in 7 regencies. Durineg the period of 2009-2013 Simantri developed into 400 sites out of 1,000 targeted sites in 2018 in 9 regencies/cities. Total budget spent by Bali Government Province for Simantri 2009-1013 was more than Rp 8 billion from social assistance and CSR funds. Simantri enhances relation among farm activities and utilizes farm wastes inside the groups. Simantri orients its activities based on agriculture without waste or zero waste and produces 4 F (Food, Feed, Fertilizer and Fuel). Livestock-farm integration implemented by Simantri boosts farmers’ group business, job opportunity, and supplies of food, feed, fertilizer, organic pesticide, and bio gas to meet group members’ demand and for commercial purpose supported by local governments. In the future it is expected that Simantri becomes an integrated agriculture-energy program for food self-reliance and farmers’ welfare. It is as also expected that this program sustains regardless the changes in local government leaders and all attached policies.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Sistem pertanian terintegrasi (Simantri) merupakan salah satu program unggulan daerah Pemprov Bali untuk peningkatan peran sektor pertanian mendukung Bali Mandara. Makalah ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan tentang potensi, peluang, dan dukungan kebijakan pemerintah daerah terhadap sekor pertanian untuk kesejahteran petani melalui program Simantri. Inisiasi kegiatan didasarkan pada ide, gagasan, dan pemikiran Gubernur Bali (2008-2013) dan model Prima Tani. Implementasi Simantri dimulai tahun 2009 pada 10 lokasi percontohan Gapoktan Simantri di 7 kabupaten. Perkembangan Simantri 2009-2013 telah mencapai 400 lokasi, dari target 1000 lokasi Simantri tahun 2018 di 9 kabupaten/kota. Jumlah anggaran Pemprov Bali untuk kegiatan Simantri (2009-2013) mencapai lebih dari Rp80 miliar dalam bentuk bansos dan CSR. Konsep Simantri selain memberdayakan hubungan fungsi masing-masing kegiatan juga mendorong pada pemanfaatan limbah pertanian dan ternak menjadi komponen pendukung integrasi di tingkat kelompok Simantri. Kegiatan ini berorientasi pada usaha pertanian tanpa limbah (zero waste) dan menghasilkan 4 F (food, feed, fertilizer, dan fuel). Beberapa hasil penelitian terkait dengan Simantri di Provinsi Bali menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan pola integrasi tanaman ternak di lokasi Simantri telah memberikan dampak pada tumbuhnya kegiatan usaha kelompok, lapangan pekerjaan, pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan, pakan, pupuk dan pestisida organik serta biogas di tingkat kelompok maupun untuk tujuan komersial melalui dukungan kebijakan pemda setempat. Potensi, peluang, dan dukungan kebijakan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan Simantri diharapkan menjadi embrio bagi keberlanjutan program pembangunan sektor pertanian daerah menuju sistem pertanian energi terpadu untuk kemandirian pangan dan kesejahteraan petani. Dengan asumsi bahwa keberlanjutan program ini tidak terdistorsi oleh proses pergantian pimpinan daerah dan kepentingan kebijakan yang menyertainya.</p>

Terror Management and Civic Engagement

Stories of death flood the media, making mortality a salient theme in American news. Research shows that subconscious reminders of death influence a range of behaviors associated with charitable giving and a bolstered sense of patriotism ( Burke, Martens, & Faucher, 2010 , Personality & Social Psychology Review, 14, 155–195). Terror management theory (TMT) explains this relationship by positing that subconscious mortality salience motivates individuals to embrace their cultural worldviews (e.g., engaging in volunteerism or politically oriented activities). Moreover, collectivistic, relative to individualistic, self-construals motivate individuals to serve others and meet group needs. In a first-known attempt to understand the relationship between TMT, self-construals, and civic engagement, a 2 (mortality salience: high or low) × 2 (self-construal: individualistic or collectivistic) experiment (N = 124) revealed that counter to common findings, increased mortality salience was negatively related to civic engagement intentions. However, as predicted, collectivism was positively associated with such intentions. Results also indicated that mortality salience and self-construals may not interact to influence civic engagement.