Pembatasan Masa Jabatan Presiden Sebagai Upaya Menghindari Terjadinya Abuse of Power

President term limitation is an effort to prevent a President who takes control of the nation for a long time because the President will make it possible to abuse power. Presidential term limitation is a crucial thing to be regulated because it will make the potential abuse of power, and the authoritarian government will grow in some countries. In every nation, we can see adopting a presidential system organize about Presidential term limitation to President's candidate. Seeing that there are several types adopted by various countries that adopt the Presidential system, then it will be studied which system is the best system to decrease the possibility of the occurrence abuse of power performed by the President. The research method uses a statue approach, a historical approach, and a conceptual approach. The results of this study indicate that of the 20 (twenty) countries that adhere to the presidential system, it shows that the most widely used method is only one re-election and no re-election because with this system it is supposed that it can easily limit the term of office of the President and also can be determine fixed government. The chance of abusing power will reduce, while the system No Immediate re-election and No limitation re-election is a country that allows it to be in control for a long time without any restrictions to run for President so that the possibility of abuse of authority will be more open. Abstrak:Pembatasan masa jabatan presiden merupakan suatu upaya untuk mencegah adanya Presiden yang memgang kekuasaan dalam waktu yang panjang akan memiliki kecenderungan untuk menyalahgunakan kekuasaan (Abuse of Power) tersebut hal ini penting tiadur karena apabila tidak dibatas maka akan membuka kemungkinan terjadinya penyalagunaan wewenang dan timbulnya otoritarianisme pada suatu negara, dapat dilihat bahwa hampir seluruh negara yang menganui sistem pemerintahan Presidensial menggatur mengenai pembatasan masa jabatan pada calon presiden. Melihat dengan adanya beberapa tipe yang dianut berbagai negara yang menganut sistem Presidensial maka akan dikaji sistem mana yang paling baik untuk mengurangi kesempatan untuk terjadinya penyalahgunaan wewenang yang dilakukan Presiden. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan historis dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa dari 20 (dua puluh) Negara yang menganut sistem Presidensial ini menunjukan bahwa sistem yang paling banyak digunakan adalah sistem Only one re-election dan No re-election dikarenaakan dengan sistem ini dianggap dapat dengan mudah membatasi masa jabatan Presiden dan juga dapat menentukan fixed government sehingga kemungkinan untuk menyalahgunakan kewenangan dapat diminimalisir, sedangkan sistem No Immediate re-election dan No Limitation re-election merupakan negara yang memungkinkan Presidennya untuk berkuasa dengan waktu yang panjang tanpa ada Batasan untuk mencalonkan diri sebagai Presiden sehingga kemungkinan untuk terjadinya penyalahgunaan wewenang akan lebih terbuka

Divided Ownership – Development and Perspectives

Divided ownership gives rise to a number of problems. The reintroduction of the superficies solo cedit principle and the superficiary right of building into the Czech law does not, of course, mean the return of feudal relationships. However, it should be reminded that it disrupts indivisibility (exclusivity, completeness, limitlessness) of ownership, which is traditionally seen as the foundation of ownership right. The authors use primarily comparative and historical methods in their research on this topic. In its today form, we understand divided ownership as a simplification that serves as ideological abstraction for a situation where the owner is subject to a long-term limitation by a very broad in rem right of another, which is hereditary and alienable. In this context we talk about three approaches to divided ownership in jurisprudence: (a) it does not exist at all; (b) it is limited solely to the feudal era; (c) it is a general term without relation to any specific social situation.