Lack of urban landscape: hidden risks for the development of megacities

Urban space, as the process of urbanization develops, deformes the natural environment, adapting it to its own needs. The natu-ral growth of urban populations, the inclusion of suburban areas or the transformation of rural areas entail the need to distribute natural complexes in order to minimize the direct and indirect impact of man, as well as the effects of his activities on the natural components of the environment. At the same time, assessment of indicators of comfort of a city landscape based not on subjective judgment of the indi-vidual, and use of a complex of data (indicators of the area of territories, city forests, forests, population, average life expectancy acted as criteria), allowed the author to carry out the analysis of forest exploitation of city forests of megalopolises as podjobjekt of ensuring eco-nomic security and permanent development of the forest industry at the territorial (regional) level. The ecological and social orientation of the study of fifteen millionaire cities of Russia found non-compliance with forest area standards in the eleven largest settlements of the country. The author ranked the megacities of Russia according to the criterion «placement of urban forests». The presented methodology for diagnosing forest management in millionaire cities allows you to identify trends in meeting the needs of the population in urban forests and justify the formation of challenges to the economic safety of the forest industry, including those related to the life expectancy of the population and the amount of money allocated for the maintenance and development of urban forests.

The Role of Decision Processes in Conscious Recollection

Dual-process models of recognition memory posit a rapid retrieval process that produces a general sense of familiarity and a slower retrieval process that produces conscious recollections of prior experience. The remember/know paradigm has been used to study the subjective correlates of these two processes, with remember judgments assumed to index conscious recollection and know judgments assumed to index familiarity. Recently, a two-criterion signal detection model has been proposed as an alternative account of this paradigm. This model assumes only a single memory process with a criterion separating remember from know responses. This report presents an empirical test of the model's critical prediction that manipulations that influence criterion placement should influence both remember and know judgments. An experiment confirmed this prediction, demonstrating that subjects who were told that 70% of the test items were study items produced more remember and know responses than subjects who were told that 30% of the test items were study items.