Issues on trade and economic cooperation of Mongolia-China

Upon the proposal “One Belt and One Road” brought up by China, Mongolia also proposed the “Development Road” conception, and both sides are speeding up the pace of docking through jointing efforts. The situation has brought a new high point in Sino-Mongolia economic and trade cooperation. The import and export trade volume and investment between China and Mongolia have revealed a growing trend since 2014, the trade volumes between China and Mongolia account for over 60% in total foreign trade of Mongolia. Besides, the investment method and scope in both sides have been expanding and deepening in all fields. However, there is still a long way in the Sino-Mongolia economic and trade cooperation. Through the policies of the “One belt and One road” and the “Development Road”, there will be more opportunities would push bilateral economic and trade cooperation to a new record.

Trade of agri-food products in the EU enlargement process: Evidence from the Southeastern Europe

Since the last decade, significant changes have occurred in the trade flows of agri-food products of the Southeastern European countries (SEE) due to adjustment to international market. Namely, as all countries of the SEE strive to be full members of the EU; market opportunities have been changing, primarily because of the reduced barriers on trade with the EU, as well as with the regional countries. In order to investigate the effects of the liberalization process of the agri-food sector of the SEE countries on their export, as well as the total foreign trade, a gravity model based on panel data in the period 2005–2015 has been estimated. According to the results, liberalization of the market in the SEE countries, as a consequence of the EU enlargement process, as well as regional integrations, had positive effects on the total foreign trade of agri-food products. Despite the positive liberalization effects on the agri-food trade, all SEE countries have a lower level of competitiveness than the EU countries, so an organized access to products which possess comparative advantages will be an important condition for the achievement of their particular positions at the international market.

Hungarian total foreign trade after the change of regime

Hungary’s total foreign trade has changed a lot since the change of regime. Several factors played a role in this process. The collapse of COMECOM, set of the world economy, WTOagreement, Agreement of Accession and CEFTA-agreement and accession to the EU affected this situation. After the change of regime Hungary had to react rapidly to these new events: one of the most goals was to find new markets. Hungary’s total foreign trade balance is negative but this deficit has declined after EUaccession. The foreign trade in agriculture has realised positive balance for a long time. This balance is declining after 2004, in spite of that the agricultural export grows, but the import grows more dynamically.Share of the Visegrad countries – join at the same time to the European Union as Hungary – from Hungarian agriculture exports gets higher, especially in the case of Poland.Hungary’s trading partners of exports and imports are stabile and they come from old Member States. One hand is positive, but the other hand is not acceptable. It is important to get markets, because we strongly depend on Europe.The situation of Hungary’s external trade is determined by the future of CAP and WTO Doha Round (reducing of agricultural customs, ceasing of export subvention system and etc.).Hungary can keep in competition, if it extends its competitiveness, diminishes of costs, and improves of quality, logistic and marketing.