Conversion of Palm Oil (CPO) into Fuel Biogasoline through Thermal Cracking Using a Catalyst Based Na-Bentonite and Limestone of Soil Limestone NTT

Cracking catalytic palm oil (CPO) into hydrocarbon fuel by saponification pretreatment has been carried out with bentonite and limestone-based catalysts. The catalysts used were Na-bentonite and Limestone NTT which were first analyzed using XRF, XRD, and SEM. Saponification pretreatment was carried out on CPO to facilitate the cracking process using a catalyst. The saponification product in the form of a mixture of soap and glycerol was then analyzed by DSC to determine the degradation temperature. Catalytic cracking is carried out in two stages, namely, the first stage hydrocracking at a temperature of 250-350°C using a stainless steel reactor is the source of catalyst Fe / Cr. The resulting distillate was then cracked again using a Na-bentonite catalyst and a TKNTT catalyst. The resulting fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel which is confirmed from the FT-IR results which indicate the presence of long-chain hydrocarbon compounds. This data is also supported by the results of the GC-MS analysis which shows that the fuel fraction produced is mostly biogasoline. Where cracking using a Na-bentonite catalyst produces a biogasoline fraction of 61.36% and a biodiesel fraction of 38.63%, THAT produces a biogasoline fraction of 88.88% and a biodiesel fraction of 11.11%. The characteristics of the hydrocarbon fuels that have been analyzed show that the calorific value of combustion is 6101 cal/g which is determined using a bomb calorimeter, and the cetane index is 62 which is analyzed using CCI. Both types of hydrocarbon fuels have met the physical requirements that must be possessed by biogasoline fuel based on SNI standards.

Synthesis, Characterization and corrosion Inhibition Studies on Mn (II) and Co (II) Complexes Derived from 1-{(Z)-[(2-hydroxyphenyl) imino]methyl}naphthalen-2-ol in 1M HCl Solution

Schiff base derived from the reaction of 2-amino phenol and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and its Co (II), and Mn (II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by solubility test, melting point/ decomposition temperatures, molar conductance, IR and magnetic susceptibility. The number of ligands coordinated to the metal ion was determined using Job’s method of continuous variation. Their molar conductance values indicate that all the complexes are non-electrolytes. Magnetic moment values of the complexes showed that both Mn (II) and Co (II) are paramagnetic. The spectroscopic data of metal complexes indicated that the metal ions are complexed with azomethine nitrogen and deprotonated oxygen atom. Corrosion inhibition of the schiff base and Mn (II) and Co (II) complexes were evaluated using the weight loss method in a 0.1MHCl solution for copper metal. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitors concentration. The negative values of Gibb’s free energy of adsorption (ΔGads) confirmed the spontaneity and physical adsorption of the inhibition process which is inconsistent with Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Application of Addawa’ul Humma Preparation for the Treatment of Typhoid Fever

The study assessed the efficacy of Addawa’ul humma for the treatment of typhoid fever. Addawau’l humma is a name given to a herbal preparation consisting of (Mango, Neem, Orange, Lemons, and Guava extract). The preparation was tested and compare with the standard drug Ciprofloxacin as control experiment. Results of phytochemical screening showed the presence of Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Tannins, Glycosides, Anthraquinone, Saponins and Steroid. There is no significance difference between Addawa’ul humma and the standard drug Ciproflxacin (P<0.05). However, the physicochemical analysis result of Addawa’ul humma shows that it has the highest concentration of phosphate and sulphate (0.72 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg respectively). Results of the FT-IR indicated that the preparation consists of unsaturated with Alkanol functional group plus additional carbonyl group as shown by the FT-IR Spectra.