Conversion of Palm Oil (CPO) into Fuel Biogasoline through Thermal Cracking Using a Catalyst Based Na-Bentonite and Limestone of Soil Limestone NTT

Cracking catalytic palm oil (CPO) into hydrocarbon fuel by saponification pretreatment has been carried out with bentonite and limestone-based catalysts. The catalysts used were Na-bentonite and Limestone NTT which were first analyzed using XRF, XRD, and SEM. Saponification pretreatment was carried out on CPO to facilitate the cracking process using a catalyst. The saponification product in the form of a mixture of soap and glycerol was then analyzed by DSC to determine the degradation temperature. Catalytic cracking is carried out in two stages, namely, the first stage hydrocracking at a temperature of 250-350°C using a stainless steel reactor is the source of catalyst Fe / Cr. The resulting distillate was then cracked again using a Na-bentonite catalyst and a TKNTT catalyst. The resulting fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel which is confirmed from the FT-IR results which indicate the presence of long-chain hydrocarbon compounds. This data is also supported by the results of the GC-MS analysis which shows that the fuel fraction produced is mostly biogasoline. Where cracking using a Na-bentonite catalyst produces a biogasoline fraction of 61.36% and a biodiesel fraction of 38.63%, THAT produces a biogasoline fraction of 88.88% and a biodiesel fraction of 11.11%. The characteristics of the hydrocarbon fuels that have been analyzed show that the calorific value of combustion is 6101 cal/g which is determined using a bomb calorimeter, and the cetane index is 62 which is analyzed using CCI. Both types of hydrocarbon fuels have met the physical requirements that must be possessed by biogasoline fuel based on SNI standards.

Hydrocracking of Waste Cooking Oil into Biofuel Using Mesoporous Silica from Parangtritis Beach Sand Synthesis by Sonochemistry

High content of silica in beach sand can be synthesized into mesoporous silica (MS) using the sonochemistry method with dodecyl-amine (DDA) as a surfactant template. The preparation began by adding sodium silicate dropwise to DDA solution under the rotation speed of 120 rpm. The mixture was then added with H 2 SO 4 and sonicated at 37 Khz at a temperature of 35 ºC for 20 minutes. The product was then filtered, washed, and dried at 50 °C then calcined at 600 ºC for 5 h. After it was calcined, the sample was characterized by using FTIR, Surface Area Analyzer, XRD, SEM, and TEM as well as the acidity using pyridine vapor adsorption. The synthesized MS was then used as a catalyst in hydrocracking waste cooking oil in a semi-batch stainless steel reactor system at 450 ⁰C for 2 h, under 20 ml min -1 H2 flow rate. The hydrocracking product of the liquid fraction was analyzed using GC-MS. The results showed that the best performance of the MS1 was produced by using the DDA concentration of 0.1 M, had optimum acidity at 1.7 mmolg -1 , specific surface area of 233 m 2 g -1 , total pore volume of 0.4cc/g, and average pore diameter of 7.70 nm.The best MS1 catalyst produced liquid fraction with yield of 31.13 wt.% which consisted of 11.10 % diesel oil and 5.04 % gasoline.

Evaluation of Biogas Production through Anaerobic Digestion of Aquatic Macrophytes in a Brazilian Reservoir

Aquatic macrophytes are important components of aquatic habitats. However, the overgrowth of aquatic plants can cause severe problems for the management of bodies of water. As a result, these plants must be removed and disposed of as waste. However, the usage of this biomass as a substrate in biogas plants would appear to be more beneficial. The present work deals with the anaerobic digestion (AD) of macrophytes species that cause inconvenience to power generation at hydroelectric plant in Minas Gerais - Brazil. The study examines the following macrophytes species; Salvinia molest Oxycarium cubense, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Brachiaria. The experiments were carried out as stainless steel reactor with temperature, agitation and pressure control. As pre-treatment of macrophytes was used heat treatment at 120°C and pressure of 1.6 atm. The maximum methane content was 60% during 40 days digestion time, for Brachiaria of higher lignin content. The result obtained, mainly with Brachiaria demonstrates the efficiency of pre-treatment for the lignocellulosic samples.

Modification of Mordenite Characters by H2C2O4 and/or NaOH Treatments and Its Catalytic Activity Test in Hydrotreating of Pyrolyzed α-Cellulose

The research about modification of mordenite characteristics has been performed by H2C2O4 and/or NaOH treatments and catalytic activity tests in hydrotreating of pyrolyzed a-cellulose. Commercial mordenite (HSZ-604OA) as mordenite control (HM) immersed in 0.05, 0.5, and 1.0 M H2C2O4 at 70 °C for three hours resulting in HM-0.05, HM-0.5, and HM-1. The four mordenites were immersed in 0.1 M NaOH for 15 minutes resulting in BHM, BHM-0.05, BHM-0.5, and BHM-1. The catalysts obtained were analyzed by XRD, SAA, ICP, and acidity test. The catalytic activity of the mordenites was evaluated in hydrotreating of pyrolyzed a-cellulose using stainless steel reactor with an H2 gas flow rate of 20 mL.min−1 at 450 °C for two hours with a catalyst: feed weight ratio of 1:60. The liquid products obtained from the hydrotreating were analyzed using GC-MS. The research results showed that the H2C2O4 and/or NaOH treatment towards the mordenites increased Si/Al ratio and decreased crystallinity. The acidity of mordenites decreased along with the increase of the Si/Al ratio. The average pore diameter of BHM, BHM-0.05, BHM-0.5, and BHM-1 mordenites were 2.898; 3.005; 3.792; 7.429 nm, respectively. The BHM-0.5 mordenite showed the highest catalytic activity in generating liquid product (88.88 wt%) and selectivity toward propanol (4.87 wt%). The BHM-1 mordenite showed catalytic activity in generating liquid product (41.16 wt%) and selectivity toward ethanol (1.21 wt%) and 2-heptyne (4.36 wt%). Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

CO2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether over In2O3 catalysts supported on aluminosilicate halloysite nanotubes

This work presents results on CO2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether (DME) over bifunctional catalysts consisting of In2O3, supported on natural clay halloysite nanotubes (HNT), and HNT modified with Al-MCM-41 silica arrays. The catalysts were characterized by TEM, STEM, EDX-mapping, NH3-TPD, XRD, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, TPO, and H2-TPR techniques. Catalytic properties of In2O3/HNT and In2O3/Al-MCM-41/HNT in the CO2 hydrogenation to DME were investigated in a fixed-bed continuous flow stainless steel reactor at 10–40 atm, in the temperature range of 200–300°C, at GHSV = 12,000 h−1 and molar ratio of H2:CO2 = 3:1. The best catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation was In2O3/Al-MCM-41/HNT that provided DME production rate 0.15 gDME·(gcat·h)−1 with DME selectivity 53% and at 40 bar, GHSV = 12,000 h−1, and T = 250°C. It was shown that In2O3/Al-MCM-41/HNT exhibited stable operation for at least 40 h on stream.

Synthesis Polymer Styrene Butadiene Hybrid Latex with Laponite Organoclay as Filler via Emulsion Polymerization Technique for Application in Paper Coating

Synthesis of styrene butadiene hybrid latex was performed via emulsion polymerization technique using various amount of laponite clay as filler. Laponite clay was modified with cationic surfactant methyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (MTPB) with ion exchange technique prior to polymerization process. The main objective of the modification is to render the surface of the clay layers to more organophilic. Emulsion polymerization was performed under semi batch process using 2 L laboratory stainless steel reactor with temperature 85°C to 90°C for 8 hours. Polymer hybrid styrene butadiene latex was characterized for its physical and chemical properties with standard ASTM Methods. Characterization of its binding and printing properties were carried out with standard testing method (TAPPI Methods) using single coating formulation on 80 gsm woodfree paper. Polymer hybrid latex based on styrene and butadiene monomers with laponite clay enhanced binding and printing properties of coated paper, addition of laponite clay to 6.0 wt % increased the binding resistance of the coated paper two times higher than pure latex. Reducing binder level become possible for cost saving.

An Experimental and Numerical Study of CO2–Brine-Synthetic Sandstone Interactions under High-Pressure (P)–Temperature (T) Reservoir Conditions

The interaction between CO2 and rock during the process of CO2 capture and storage was investigated via reactions of CO2, formation water, and synthetic sandstone cores in a stainless-steel reactor under high pressure and temperature. Numerical modelling was also undertaken, with results consistent with experimental outcomes. Both methods indicate that carbonates such as calcite and dolomite readily dissolve, whereas silicates such as quartz, K-feldspar, and albite do not. Core porosity did not change significantly after CO2 injection. No new minerals associated with CO2 injection were observed experimentally, although some quartz and kaolinite precipitated in the numerical modelling. Mineral dissolution is the dominant reaction at the beginning of CO2 injection. Results of experiments have verified the numerical outcomes, with experimentally derived kinetic parameters making the numerical modelling more reliable. The combination of experimental simulations and numerical modelling provides new insights into CO2 dissolution mechanisms in high-pressure/temperature reservoirs and improves understanding of geochemical reactions in CO2-brine-rock systems, with particular relevance to CO2 entry of the reservoir.

Investigation of Butane-butylene Technical Mixtures Transformation Over Modified Microporous Materials Prepared by Ion Exchange Method Into Liquid Fraction Rich in Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The Zn and Ni were introduced into HZSM-5 zeolite by ion exchange method with aqueous solutions of Zn(NO3)2 and Ni(NO3)2, to investigate the catalytic activity and selectivity of modified Zn-HZSM-5 and Ni-HZSM-5 catalysts for conversion of butane-butylenes technical mixtures in a fixed-bed stainless-steel reactor (Twin Reactor System Naky) at 450�C, at atmospheric pressure for Zn-HZSM-5 and at 4 atm. total pressure for Ni-HZSM-5 and at a space velocity (WHSV) of 1h-1. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, and NH3-TPD analysis for their structure, morphology and acidity. The catalytic activity of the same catalyst were examined during over 10 catalytic tests (with regeneration of catalyst after each test) using mixtures of butanes-butylenes.

An Investigation into Creep Cavity Development in 316H Stainless Steel

Creep-induced cavitation is an important failure mechanism in steel components operating at high temperature. Robust techniques are required to observe and quantify creep cavitation. In this paper, the use of two complementary analysis techniques: small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and quantitative metallography, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), is reported. The development of creep cavities that is accumulated under uniaxial load has been studied as a function of creep strain and life fraction, by carrying out interrupted tests on two sets of creep test specimens that are prepared from a Type-316H austenitic stainless steel reactor component. In order to examine the effects of pre-strain on creep damage formation, one set of specimens was subjected to a plastic pre-strain of 8%, and the other set had no pre-strain. Each set of specimens was subjected to different loading and temperature conditions, representative of those of current and future power plant operation. Cavities of up to 300 nm in size are quantified by using SANS, and their size distribution, as a function of determined creep strain. Cavitation increases significantly as creep strain increases throughout creep life. These results are confirmed by quantitative metallography analysis.