The role of partial androgen deficiency in aging men in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer

Once people reach 35-40 years, they have a decrease in their pool of pluripotent stem cells, and show a violation of tissue renewal, a decrease in the number of cell-producers of testosterone (Leidig cells) and a reduction in testosterone circulating in the blood. Partial androgen deficiency in aging men violates division and differentiation of androgen-dependent cells and increases the risk for development of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. The recovery of testosterone production and regeneration helps make a decrease in proliferative activity, and the rehabilitation of regulation of androgen-dependent cells of the prostate and other tissues and organs, as well as reduce insulin resistance among older men.

Targeting FOXOs to slow aging

The key importance of FOXO transcription factors and related pathways in the process of aging renders them compelling targets in the quest for compounds that could slow down the aging process. In this review, we give a brief overview of what we know about the role of FOXO proteins in aging and longevity and describe how this knowledge might be of value in developing future therapies aimed at extending lifespan and health span in people. Given the potential of FOXO proteins to impact on a variety of disorders such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration or immune system dysfunction, novel therapeutic approaches based FOXO-targeting strategies are expected to be a fertile area of research in the near future.

Purine nucleoside analogs in the therapy of cancer and neuroinflammation

Purine nucleoside analogs have been in clinical use for almost 50 years. At the beginning developed as antiviral agents, later their efficacy was demonstrated in cancer treatment, especially hematological malignances. The approval of new purine nucleoside analogs by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over the past decade implies that the interest for these drugs still exists. Here, we review new nucleoside analogs that are currently in preclinical or clinical development as anticancer agents. In addition, we highlight the potential for implementation of these drugs in other pathological conditions, particularly in neuroinflammation.