J. R. R. TOLKIEN Y LA TRADUCCIÓN: «THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS» Y SU APROXIMACIÓN A LA REFLEXIÓN TRADUCTOLÓGICA CONTEMPORÁNEA

Tras el éxito de The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955), las primeras traducciones de la obra de Tolkien empezaron a propagarse por todo el mundo. Sin embargo, Tolkien, filólogo y traductor de obras del inglés antiguo e inglés medio, se vio en la necesidad de indicar cómo traducir los nombres ficcionales presentes en su obra, integrados en una complicada red genealógica de lenguas tanto reales como ficcionales. De estas notas sobre la traducción («The Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings»), además de desprenderse indicaciones filológicas para la traducción de su obra, se puede analizar asimismo la postura de Tolkien sobre la traducción, que puede a su vez relacionarse con la reflexión traductológica actual sobre los diferentes métodos de traducir. En efecto, se observa que la postura de Tolkien pasa de ser en un principio marcadamente «extranjerizante» o «hacia el autor» (siguiendo la terminología de Venuti y Schleiermacher) para finalmente defender un método más «naturalizante» o «hacia el receptor». Sin embargo, conviene tener en cuenta la importancia de la función y el contexto de producción, por lo que es preciso actualizar la postura de Tolkien sobre la traducción en relación con teorías descriptivas que negocian el valor de la equivalencia.

DEMÜTIGUNG, EHRE, HELDENGEDENKEN. DER SCHRIFTSTELLER PAUL COELESTIN ETTIGHOFFER ZWISCHEN SOLDATISCHEM NATIONALISMUS UND NATIONALSOZIALISMUS

Der Artikel arbeitet auf vier verschiedenen Ebenen heraus, wie, wann und warum ein dem Ehrenkodex des alten Kaiserreiches verhafteter Veteran und Kriegsromanautor sich für die mentale Kriegsvorbereitung der Nazis einspannen ließ. Dabei wird die These aufgestellt, dass er keine spezifisch ideologische Affinität zum Nationalsozialismus aufwies, sondern dass der Veteranenkult der Nazis ein emotionales Bedürfnis bediente, das die offizielle Gedenkpolitik der Weimarer Republik vernachlässigt hatte.

NATIONALISM, SUBVERSIVE HISTORY AND CITIZENSHIP: THE QUEST FOR IDENTITY IN THE POSTCOLONIAL NATION IN M.G. VASSANJI’S THE IN-BETWEEN WORLD OF VIKRAM LALL

One must write for one’s age, so says Sartre, arguing that the writer needs to go beyond a passive reflection of his/her age to want to maintain it or change it (1988: 243). But there is no such thing as a passive reflection where history is concerned and the need for constant questioning of held or handed down beliefs, as propagated by the postmodern approaches, re-situates the writer and his/her audience into newer and more dynamic definitions of and reflections on that age. This paper, by looking at M. G. Vassanji’s kaleidoscopic constellation of characters, an other way to look at Kenya’s history around those defining moments of the struggle for independence and thereafter in his novel The In-Between World of Vikram Lall (2005), seeks to discuss the notions of identity and especially how it is informed by nationalist movements. Vassanji, in all his books, has consistently attempted to situate the often-ignored Afro-Asian within the often ethnocentric African history. In this text, this attempt is placed within the backdrop of several histories and as such it reflects, not passively, but actively and questioningly and at certain points even subversively on what it means to be Kenyan.

GEORG BÜCHNERS 'LEONCE UND LENA' UND 'WOYZECK': ZUR ROLLE DES GROTESKEN BEI DER SCHILDERUNG GESELLSCHAFTLICHER VERHÄLTNISSE

Die Kritik an den bestehenden sozialen Verhältnissen im vorrevolutionären Deutschland zählt zu den zentralen Themen des prägnanten Werks Georg Büchners. In seinen Dramen denunziert er die Heuchelei und Frivolität der oberen Klassen sowie ihre Unterdrückung der ärmeren Schichten zur Befestigung der sozialen Hierarchien. In Anlehnung an die Arbeiten Martins (2015, 2017) zur entstehungsgeschichtlichen und konzeptionellen Parallelität von Georg Büchners letzten Dramen Leonce und Lena und Woyzeck wird im vorliegenden Beitrag versucht, die Rolle der Ästhetik des Grotesken bei der Darstellung sozialer Umstände in den erwähnten Stücken Büchners zu bestimmen. Der Fokus der Untersuchung liegt auf den grotesken Elementen und Motiven bei der Darstellung der unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Sphären. Dazu zählen u.a. die Automaten, die Aufhebung der Grenzen zwischen Tieren und Menschen sowie der Wahnsinn des Titelhelden in Woyzeck. Dabei werden die Theorien Kaysers und Bachtins zum Grotesken herangezogen, die exemplarisch die Ambivalenz dieser ästhetischen Kategorie zeigen.

DE DIOSES Y PRINCESAS: MITOLOGÍA EN EL HARZREISE DE HEINRICH HEINE

En su relato Harzreise contenido en la colección Reisebilder, Heinrich Heine manda de viaje a su protagonista por una región emblemática en el centro de Alemania y recrea imágenes pertenecientes a mundos mágicos y míticos, el mundo de los dioses grecorromanos y el de las creencias populares que pueblan los bosques y las zonas rurales. A través de las vivencias diurnas y los sueños nocturnos del narrador nos hacemos partícipes de lo que le preocupa al joven autor y nos damos cuenta de que, finalmente, nos lleva siempre al terreno que le interesa en el fondo de su ser: el destino de Alemania en los tiempos de la Restauración.

THE TRANSLATION OF THE EAST IN MOZAMBICAN LITERATURE

For many scholars who have studied the practice, translation is, among many other things, a form of poetic transcreation. In a similar way, the landscape, due to its ability to generate meaning, invites the writer to move from one cultural code to another. Focusing on contemporary Mozambican literature, with special emphasis on the production of João Paulo Borges Coelho, Luís Carlos Patraquim and Eduardo White, this article aims to observe how the spaces of the East are “translated” in the prose and poetry of the post-independence period. We will also draw attention to the forms of late Orientalism that emerge in this literature.

REALISTIC RENDERING OF SELF-CONSCIOUS THOUGHT IN A. S. BYATT’S POSSESSION: THE PRESENTATION OF VICTORIAN VERSUS CONTEMPORARY IDEAS OF MAN, FAITH AND LOVE

The realistic rendering of Self-Conscious Thought in A. S. Byatt’s Possession is an evidence of Byatt’s success in making abstract ideas concrete. Possession, as an encyclopedia of theories and thoughts, Victorian or modern, is a novel in which ideas are less obtrusive and the author’s presence is intrusive. The twentieth-century part of the novel embodies Byatt’s confrontation with modern literary thoughts which are different in nature than the ideas incarnated in Victorians i.e. George Eliot’s fiction. Although such ideas are difficult to be turned into immediate daily concerns yet in Possession they fit into immediate personal dilemmas and gain a sense of urgency. A. S. Byatt, successfully, represents the universal ideas of man, faith and love, with a skeptic twentieth-century background in this novel. In addition, while George Eliot begins to generalize these ideas with an authorial voice, Byatt knows that these ideas have become equivocal, thus overthrowing authority of the author.

JOSÉ MARÍA VARGAS VILA, DEFENSOR DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN DE RIONEGRO

After the independence and the creation of the New Granada in 1819, the young Latin American republics continued faced disputing power. The caudillos spent their energies in partisan struggles because personal, group, class and ethnic interests overlapped, often under romantic formulations. Between chaos and order, 14 constitutions were drafted in Colombia until reaching the Rionegro Constitution of 1863. Promulgated by the leaders of Radical Liberalism, it went too far in its pursuit of utopia. Federalism, defense of individual freedoms, abolition of the death penalty, freedom of press and separation of the Church and the State are some of its most important conquests, but the consequences of its extremes triggered bloody civil wars. In the heat of these disputes arises José María Vargas Vila (1860-1933), the famous pamphleteer, who enlisted in the ranks of Radical Liberalism defending constitutional rights. This article exposes the position of a Colombian liberal intellectual in face of period called Regeneration that seeks to impose peace and order in Colombia restricting the freedoms and rights granted by the Rionegro Constitution.

LOS ALEMANES COMO PERSONAJES LITERARIOS EN LA LITERATURA COLOMBIANA CONTEMPORÁNEA

This paper will analyze the image of Germans in Colombian literature from the 1970s to the present day. Although the Germans played an important role in the colonization of the Kingdom of New Granada since the 16th century, we detected a greater presence of this figures with a more decisive role in the novels, in the 19th and especially the 20th centuries. Mainly soldiers, exiles, Jews, emigrants and Nazis of German origin left their traces in the literature of the Latin American country. To carry out the analysis we will present and comment on five novels written in the last 40 years focusing on characters of German origin or where Germans as literary figures have an influence on the development of the narrative. Both texts with historical characters and those with fictional characters will be treated.

DOSSSIER: "COLOMBIA: VIOLENCIA E IDENTIDAD, 200 AÑOS DESPUÉS"

COLOMBIA: VIOLENCIA E IDENTIDAD, 200 AÑOS DESPUÉS